- Florey, H. W. General Pathology (Lloyd–Luke, London, 1970).
Google Scholar
- Majno, G. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975).These two historical references give an excellent account of the experimental pathology of inflammation and highlight aspects that are generally ignored in more recent texts that focus on molecular events.
Google Scholar
- Jay, S. J., Johanson, W. G. Jr & Pierce, A. K. The radiographic resolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 293, 798–801 (1975).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Deepe, G. S. Jr & Eagleton, L. E. Resolution of influenzal pneumonia. IMJ Ill. Med. J. 158, 76–78 (1980).
PubMed Google Scholar
- Metlay, J. P., Atlas, S. J., Borowsky, L. H. & Singer, D. E. Time course of symptom resolution in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Respir. Med. 92, 1137–1142 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Larsen, G. L. & Henson, P. M. Mediators of inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1, 335–359 (1983).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Shanley, T. P., Warner, R. L. & Ward, P. A. The role of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the development of inflammatory injury. Mol. Med. Today 1, 40–45 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Spector, W. G. & Willoughby, D. A. Local treatment of experimental burns with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Nature 189, 489–490 (1961).
Article Google Scholar
- Spector, W. G., Walters, M. & Willoughby, D. A. Venular and capillary permeability in thermal injury. J. Path. Bacteriol. 90, 635–640 (1965).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Spector, W. G. & Willoughby, D. A. Suppression of increased capillary permeability in injury by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 186, 162–163 (1960).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ottonello, L., Morone, M. P., Dapino, P. & Dallegri, F. Cyclic AMP-elevating agents down-regulate the oxidative burst induced by granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in adherent neutrophils. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 101, 502–506 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Moore, A. R. & Willoughby, D. A. The role of cAMP regulation in controlling inflammation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 101, 387–389 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Adcock, I. M. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids actions. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 13, 115–126 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Goulding, N. J. et al. Anti-inflammatory lipocortin 1 production by peripheral-blood leucocytes in response to hydrocortisone. Lancet 335, 1416–1418 (1990).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Cirino, G. & Flower, R. J. Human recombinant lipocortin 1 inhibits prostacyclin production by human umbilical artery in vitro. Prostaglandins 34, 59–62 (1987).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Perretti, M. & Flower, R. J. Modulation of IL-1-induced neutrophil migration by dexamethasone and lipocortin 1. J. Immunol. 150, 992–999 (1993).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Serhan, C. N. Lipoxin biosynthesis and its impact in inflammatory and vascular events. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1212, 1–25 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Soyombo, O., Spur, B. W. & Lee, T. H. Effects of lipoxin A4 on chemotaxis and degranulation of human eosinophils stimulated by platelet-activating factor and _N_-formyl-l- methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine. Allergy 49, 230–234 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Maddox, J. F. et al. Lipoxin B4 regulates human monocyte/neutrophil adherence and motility: design of stable lipoxin B4 analogs with increased biologic activity. FASEB J. 12, 487–494 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Colgan, S. P., Serhan, C. N., Parkos, C. A., Delp-Archer, C. & Madara, J. L. Lipoxin A4 modulates transmigration of human neutrophils across intestinal epithelial monolayers. J. Clin. Invest. 92, 75–82 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Raud, J., Palmertz, U., Dahlen, S. E. & Hedqvist, P. Lipoxins inhibit microvascular inflammatory actions of leukotriene B4. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 314, 185–192 (1991).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Maddox, J. F. & Serhan, C. N. Lipoxin A4 and B4 are potent stimuli for human monocyte migration and adhesion: selective inactivation by dehydrogenation and reduction. J. Exp. Med. 183, 137–146 (1996).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Godson, C. et al. Cutting edge: lipoxins rapidly stimulate nonphlogistic phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by monocyte-derived macrophages. J. Immunol. 164, 1663–1667 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gilroy, D. W. et al. Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties. Nature Med. 5, 698–701 (1999).This paper presents experimental evidence that 15deoxyΔ 12,14 PGJ 2 is an endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator in vivo.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bandeira-Melo, C. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 and lipoxin A4 accelerate resolution of allergic oedema in _Angiostrongylus costaricensis_-infected rats: relationship with concurrent eosinophilia. J. Immunol. 164, 1029–1036 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ianaro, A., Ialenti, A., Maffia, P., Pisano, B. & Di Rosa, M. Role of cyclopentenone prostaglandins in rat carrageenin pleurisy. FEBS Lett. 508, 61–66 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Levy, B. D., Clish, C. B., Schmidt, B., Gronert, K. & Serhan, C. N. Lipid mediator class switching during acute inflammation: signals in resolution. Nature Immunol. 2, 612–619 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kawahito, Y. et al. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 induces synoviocyte apoptosis and suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 189–197 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Diab, A. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 168, 2508–2515 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Clark, R. B. et al. The nuclear receptor PPARγ and immunoregulation: PPARγ mediates inhibition of helper T-cell responses. J. Immunol. 164, 1364–1371 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Reilly, C. M. et al. Inhibition of mesangial-cell nitric oxide in MRL/lpr mice by prostaglandin J2 and proliferator activation receptor-γ agonists. J. Immunol. 164, 1498–1504 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Combs, C. K., Johnson, D. E., Karlo, J. C., Cannady, S. B. & Landreth, G. E. Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: inhibition of β-amyloid-stimulated proinflammatory responses and neurotoxicity by PPARγ agonists. J. Neurosci. 20, 558–567 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Pasceri, V., Wu, H. D., Willerson, J. T. & Yeh, E. T. Modulation of vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activators. Circulation 101, 235–238 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Jackson, S. M. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leucocyte–endothelial-cell interaction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 2094–2104 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Vaidya, S., Somers, E. P., Wright, S. D., Detmers, P. A. & Bansal, V. S. 15-deoxy-Δ12,1412,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits the β2 integrin-dependent oxidative burst: involvement of a mechanism distinct from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligation. J. Immunol. 163, 6187–6192 (1999).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Zhang, X., Wang, J. M., Gong, W. H., Mukaida, N. & Young, H. A. Differential regulation of chemokine gene expression by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2 . J. Immunol. 166, 7104–7111 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rossi, A., Elia, G. & Santoro, M. G. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB by prostaglandin A1: an effect associated with heat shock transcription factor activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 746–750 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ricote, M., Li, A. C., Willson, T. M., Kelly, C. J. & Glass, C. K. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391, 79–82 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Jiang, C., Ting, A. T. & Seed, B. PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391, 82–86 (1998).References 38 and 39 were published simultaneously in Nature and identify 15deoxyΔ 12,14 PGJ 2 as a potent modulator of macrophage activation in vitro.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Colville-Nash, P. R., Qureshi, S. S., Willis, D. & Willoughby, D. A. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: correlation with induction of heme oxygenase 1. J. Immunol. 161, 978–984 (1998).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Castrillo, A., Diaz-Guerra, M. J., Hortelano, S., Martin-Sanz, P. & Bosca, L. Inhibition of IκB kinase and IκB phosphorylation by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in activated murine macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 1692–1698 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Straus, D. S. et al. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4844–4849 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Haslett, C. Granulocyte apoptosis and its role in the resolution and control of lung inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, S5–S11 (1999).An excellent review of the role of granulocyte apoptosis in the resolution of inflammation.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Savill, J. & Fadok, V. Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature 407, 784–788 (2000).This review describes how the recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells might regulate the inflammatory response.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lawrence, T., Gilroy, D. W., Colville-Nash, P. R. & Willoughby, D. A. Possible new role for NF-κB in the resolution of inflammation. Nature Med. 7, 1291–1297 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bishop-Bailey, D. & Hla, T. Endothelial-cell apoptosis induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 . J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17042–17048 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Khoshnan, A. et al. The NF-κB cascade is important in Bcl-xL expression and for the anti-apoptotic effects of the CD28 receptor in primary human CD4+ lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 165, 1743–1754 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ward, C. et al. Prostaglandin D2 and its metabolites induce caspase-dependent granulocyte apoptosis that is mediated via inhibition of IκBα degradation using a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-independent mechanism. J. Immunol. 168, 6232–6243 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Fadok, V. A. et al. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-β, PGE2 and PAF. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 890–898 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Huynh, M. L., Fadok, V. A. & Henson, P. M. Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-β1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 41–50 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- van Lent, P. L. et al. Uptake of apoptotic leucocytes by synovial lining macrophages inhibits immune complex-mediated arthritis. J. Leukocyte Biol. 70, 708–714 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dibbert, B. et al. Cytokine-mediated Bax deficiency and consequent delayed neutrophil apoptosis: a general mechanism to accumulate effector cells in inflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13330–13335 (1999).This paper presents evidence for defects in apoptosis in clinical samples from patients with inflammatory lung disease.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Vandivier, R. W. et al. Elastase-mediated phosphatidylserine receptor cleavage impairs apoptotic-cell clearance in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 661–670 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Taylor, P. R. et al. A hierarchical role for classical-pathway complement proteins in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 192, 359–366 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Straus, D. S. & Glass, C. K. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins: new insights on biological activities and cellular targets. Med. Res. Rev. 21, 185–210 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Clark, R. B. The role of PPARs in inflammation and immunity. J. Leukocyte Biol. 71, 388–400 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rossi, A. et al. Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IκB kinase. Nature 403, 103–108 (2000).This study identified IKKβ as a specific target of 15deoxyΔ 12,14 PGJ 2.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Cernuda-Morollon, E., Pineda-Molina, E., Canada, F. J. & Perez-Sala, D. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibition of NF-κB–DNA binding through covalent modification of the p50 subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35530–35536 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Karin, M. & Ben-Neriah, Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-κB activity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18, 621–663 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ward, C. et al. NF-κB activation is a critical regulator of human granulocyte apoptosis in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4309–4318 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Fierro, I. M. & Serhan, C. N. Mechanisms in anti-inflammation and resolution: the role of lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 34, 555–566 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Levy, B. D. et al. Multi-pronged inhibition of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation by lipoxin A4 . Nature Med. 8, 1018–1023 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Shibata, T. et al. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2. A prostaglandin D2 metabolite generated during inflammatory processes. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 10459–10466 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar