Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation (original) (raw)
References
McGaugh, J. L. Memory — a century of consolidation. Science287, 248–251 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Misanin, J. R., Miller, R. R. & Lewis, D. J. Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace. Science160, 554–555 (1968). The first demonstration of a post-retrieval memory disruption; this set the basis for the thinking about reconsolidation that continues today. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dudai, Y. Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.16, 174–178 (2006). An important reassessment of what reconsolidation might mean and how it should be examined. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E. & LeDoux, J. E. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature406, 722–726 (2000). Landmark study that re-introduced reconsolidation into the mainstream dialogue on memory. The authors demonstrated that intra-amygdala inhibition of protein synthesis after retrieval of a previously consolidated memory resulted in amnesia for the retrieved memory, but not for consolidated memories that were not retrieved. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tronson, N. C., Wiseman, S. L., Olausson, P. & Taylor, J. R. Bidirectional behavioral plasticity of memory reconsolidation depends on amygdalar protein kinase A. Nature Neurosci.9, 167–169 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gordon, W. C. in Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms (eds Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.) 319–343 (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey,1981). Google Scholar
Segal, M. Dendritic spines and long-term plasticity. Nature Rev. Neurosci.6, 277–284 (2005). CAS Google Scholar
Pedreira, M. E., Perez-Cuesta, L. M. & Maldonado, H. Reactivation and reconsolidation of long-term memory in the crab Chasmagnathus: protein synthesis requirement and mediation by NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors. J. Neurosci.22, 8305–8311 (2002). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Anokhin, K. V., Tiunova, A. A. & Rose, S. P. Reminder effects — reconsolidation or retrieval deficit? Pharmacological dissection with protein synthesis inhibitors following reminder for a passive-avoidance task in young chicks. Eur. J. Neurosci.15, 1759–1765 (2002). PubMed Google Scholar
Dacher, M., Lagarrigue, A. & Gauthier, M. Antennal tactile learning in the honeybee: effect of nicotinic antagonists on memory dynamics. Neuroscience130, 37–50 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Eisenberg, M., Kobilo, T., Berman, D. E. & Dudai, Y. Stability of retrieved memory: inverse correlation with trace dominance. Science301, 1102–1104 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sangha, S., Scheibenstock, A. & Lukowiak, K. Reconsolidation of a long-term memory in Lymnaea requires new protein and RNA synthesis and the soma of right pedal dorsal 1. J. Neurosci.23, 8034–8040 (2003). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Hobson, J. A. & Stickgold, R. Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature425, 616–620 (2003). This important study demonstrates reconsolidation of memory in human individuals using a novel motor sequence learning task. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kida, S. et al. CREB required for the stability of new and reactivated fear memories. Nature Neurosci.5, 348–355 (2001). Google Scholar
Cammarota, M., Bevilaqua, L. R., Medina, J. H. & Izquierdo, I. Retrieval does not induce reconsolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory. Learn. Mem.11, 572–578 (2004). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Thompson, C. I. & Grossman, L. B. Loss and recovery of long-term memories after ECS in rats: evidence for state-dependent recall. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol.78, 248–254 (1972). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mactutus, C. F., Riccio, D. C. & Ferek, J. M. Retrograde amnesia for old (reactivated) memory: some anomalous characteristics. Science204, 1319–1320 (1979). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Riccio, D. C. & Richardson, R. The status of experimentally induced amnesias: gone, but not forgotten. Physiol. Psychol.12, 59–72 (1984). Google Scholar
Lattal, K. M. & Abel T. Behavioral impairments caused by injections of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin after contextual retrieval reverse with time. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101, 4667–4672 (2004). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Prado-Alcala, R. A. et al. Amygdala or hippocampus inactivation after retrieval induces temporary memory deficit. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem.86, 144–149 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki, A. et al. Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures. J. Neurosci.24, 4787–4795 (2004). This important study began to disambiguate molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation from those of extinction. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Morris, R. G. et al. Memory reconsolidation: sensitivity of spatial memory to inhibition of protein synthesis in dorsal hippocampus during encoding and retrieval. Neuron50, 479–489 (2006). An elegant study showing specific conditions under which reconsolidation of spatial memories does and does not occur, and an important contribution to the theoretical debate on reconsolidation. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pedreira, M. E. & Maldonado, H. Protein synthesis subserves reconsolidation or extinction depending on reminder duration. Neuron38, 863–869 (2003). The first study to demonstrate that reconsolidation can be dissociated from extinction using reactivation session length. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rossato, J. I., Bevilaqua, L. R., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I. & Cammarota, M. Retrieval induces hippocampal-dependent reconsolidation of spatial memory. Learn. Mem.13, 431–440 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Judge, M. E. & Quartermain, D. Characteristics of retrograde amnesia following reactivation of memory in mice. Physiol. Behav.28, 585–590 (1982). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Riccio D. C., Hodges L. A. & Randall P. K. Retrograde amnesia produced by hypothermia in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol.66, 618–622 (1968). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dudai, Y. & Eisenberg, M. Rites of passage of the engram: reconsolidation and the lingering consolidation hypothesis. Neuron44, 93–100 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Duvarci, S, Mamou, C. B. & Nader, K. Extinction is not a sufficient condition to prevent fear memories from undergoing reconsolidation in the basolateral amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci.24, 249–260 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Taubenfeld, S. M., Milekic, M. H., Monti, B. & Alberini, C. M. The consolidation of new but not reactivated memory requires hippocampal C/EBPβ. Nature Neurosci.4, 813–818 (2001). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Power, A. E., Berlau, D. J., McGaugh, J. L. & Steward, O. Anisomycin infused into the hippocampus fails to block 'reconsolidation' but impairs extinction: the role of re-exposure duration. Learn. Mem.13, 27–34 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hernandez, P. J., Sadeghian, K. & Kelley, A. E. Early consolidation of instrumental learning requires protein synthesis in the nucleus accumbens. Nature Neurosci.5, 1327–1331 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hernandez, P. J. & Kelley, A. E. Long-term memory for instrumental responses does not undergo protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation upon retrieval. Learn. Mem.11, 748–754 (2004). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tronel, S., Milekic, M. H. & Alberini, C. M. Linking new information to a reactivated memory requires consolidation and not reconsolidation mechanisms. PLoS Biol.3, e293 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Milekic, M. H., Brown, S. D., Castellini, C. & Alberini, C. M., Persistent disruption of an established morphine conditioned place preference. J. Neurosci.26, 3010–3020 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Routtenberg, A. & Rekart, J. L. Post-translational protein modification as the substrate for long-lasting memory. Trends Neurosci.28, 12–19 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hall, J., Thomas, K. L. & Everitt, B. J. Fear memory retrieval induces CREB phosphorylation and Fos expression within the amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci.13, 1453–1458 (2001). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Miller, C. A. & Marshall, J. F. Molecular substrates for retrieval and reconsolidation of cocaine-associated contextual memory. Neuron47, 873–884 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Merlo, E., Freudenthal, R., Maldonado, H. & Romano, A. Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB by retrieval is required for long-term memory reconsolidation. Learn. Mem.12, 23–29 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lin, C. H., Yeh, S. H., Lu, H. Y. & Gean, P. W., The similarities and diversities of signal pathways leading to consolidation of conditioning and consolidation of extinction of fear memory. J. Neurosci.23, 8310–8317 (2003). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lee, J. L., Everitt, B. J. & Thomas, K. L. Independent cellular processes for hippocampal memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Science304, 839–843 (2004). This landmark study demonstrated a double dissociation between mechanisms of consolidation (BDNF) and reconsolidation (ZIF268) within the hippocampus. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bozon, B., Davis, S. & Laroche, S. A requirement for the immediate early gene zif268 in reconsolidation of recognition memory after retrieval. Neuron40, 695–701 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lee, J. L., Di Ciano, P., Thomas, K. L. & Everitt, B. J. Disrupting reconsolidation of drug memories reduces cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuron47, 795–801 (2005). Novel demonstration of reconsolidation of an appetitive, Pavlovian, drug-associated memory. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lee, J. L., Milton, A. L. & Everitt, B. J. Cue-induced cocaine seeking and relapse are reduced by disruption of drug memory reconsolidation. J. Neurosci.26, 5881–5887 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hellemans, K. G., Everitt, B. J. & Lee, J. L. Disrupting reconsolidation of conditioned withdrawal memories in the basolateral amygdala reduces suppression of heroin seeking in rats. J. Neurosci.26, 12694–12699 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Duvarci, S., Nader, K. & LeDoux, J. E. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase- mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the amygdala is required for memory reconsolidation of auditory fear conditioning. Eur. J. Neurosci.21, 283–289 (2005). PubMed Google Scholar
Kelly, A., Laroche, S. & Davis, S. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase in hippocampal circuitry is required for consolidation and reconsolidation of recognition memory. J. Neurosci.23, 5354–5360 (2003). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Valjent, E., Corbille, A. G., Bertran-Gonzalez, J., Herve, D. & Girault, J. A. Inhibition of ERK pathway or protein synthesis during reexposure to drugs of abuse erases previously learned place preference. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103, 2932–2937 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Koh, M. T. & Bernstein, I. L. Inhibition of protein kinase A activity during conditioned taste aversion retrieval: interference with extinction or reconsolidation of a memory? Neuroreport14, 405–407 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kemenes, G., Kemenes, I., Michel, M., Papp, A. & Muller, U. Phase-dependent molecular requirements for memory reconsolidation: differential roles for protein synthesis and protein kinase A activity. J. Neurosci.26, 6298–6302 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hall, J., Thomas, K. L. & Everitt, B. J. Cellular imaging of zif268 expression in the hippocampus and amygdala during contextual and cued fear memory retrieval: selective activation of hippocampal CA1 neurons during the recall of contextual memories. J. Neurosci.21, 2186–2193 (2001). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomas, K. L., Hall, J. & Everitt, B. J. Cellular imaging with zif268 expression in the rat nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex further dissociates the neural pathways activated following the retrieval of contextual and cued fear memory. Eur. J. Neurosci.16, 1789–1796 (2002). PubMed Google Scholar
Strekalova, T. et al. Memory retrieval after contextual fear conditioning induces c-Fos and JunB expression in CA1 hippocampus. Genes Brain Behav.2, 3–10 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tronel, S. & Sara S. J. Mapping of olfactory memory circuits: region-specific c-fos activation after odor-reward associative learning or after its retrieval. Learn. Mem.9, 105–111 (2002). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
von Hertzen, L. S. & Giese, K. P. Memory reconsolidation engages only a subset of immediate-early genes induced during consolidation. J. Neurosci.25, 1935–1942 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rohrbaugh, M. & Riccio, D. C. Paradoxical enhancement of learned fear. J. Abnorm. Psychol.75, 210–216 (1970). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gordon, W. C. & Spear N. E., The effects of strychnine on recently acquired and reactivated passive avoidance memories. Physiol. Behav.10, 1071–1075 (1973). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Frenkel, L., Maldonado, H. & Delorenz, A. Memory strengthening by a real-life episode during reconsolidation: an outcome of water deprivation via brain angiotensin II. Eur. J. Neurosci.22, 1757–1766 (2005). PubMed Google Scholar
Blaiss, C. A. & Janak, P. H. Post-training and post-reactivation administration of amphetamine enhances morphine conditioned place preference. Behav. Brain. Res.171, 329–337 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lee, J. L. C., Milton, A. L. & Everitt, B. J. Reconsolidation and extinction of conditioned fear: inhibition and potentiation. J. Neurosci.26, 10051–10056 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., De la Cruz, V., Gutierrez, R. & Bermidez-Rattoni, F. Protein synthesis underlies post-retrieval memory consolidation to a restricted degree only when updated information is obtained. Learn. Mem.12, 533–537 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O. & Nadel, L. Reconsolidation of episodic memories: a subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learn. Mem.14, 47–53 (2007). This important article demonstrates retrieval-initiated updating of memory in a traditional human memory task. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Debiec, J., Doyere, V., Nader, K. & Le Doux, J. E. Directly reactivated, but not indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103, 3428–3433 (2006). An important demonstration of the specificity of reconsolidation of fear memories. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fonseca, R., Nagerl, U. V. & Bonhoeffer, T. Neuronal activity determines the protein synthesis dependence of long-term potentiation. Nature Neurosci.9, 478–480 (2006). This seminal study is the first study to suggest a reconsolidation-like process in slice electrophysiology. Development of this model will contribute to the progress of research into mechanisms of memory reconsolidation. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Squire, L. R., Slater, P. C. & Chace, P. M. Reactivation of recent or remote memory before electroconvulsive therapy does not produce retrograde amnesia. Behav. Biol.18, 335–343 (1976). CASPubMed Google Scholar
McCleery, J. M. & Harvey, A. G. Integration of psychological and biological approaches to trauma memory: implications for pharmacological prevention of PTSD. J. Trauma. Stress17, 485–496 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Centonze, D., Siracusana, A., Calabresi, P. & Bernardi, G. Removing pathogenic memories: a neurobiology of psychotherapy. Mol. Neurobiol.32, 123–132 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pitman, R. K. et al. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol. Psychiatry51, 189–192 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Miller, M. M., Altemus, M., Debiec, J., LeDoux, J. E. & Phelps, E. A. Propranolol impairs reconsolidation of conditioned fear in humans. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 208.2 (2004).
Debiec, J. & LeDoux, J. E. Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala. Neuroscience129, 267–272 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bustos, S. G., Maldonado, H. & Molina, V. A. Midazolam disrupts fear memory reconsolidation. Neuroscience139, 831–842 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K. T. & Davis, M. Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J. Neurosci.22, 2343–2351 (2002). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Quartermain, D., Mower, J., Rafferty, M. F., Hertng, R. L. & Lanthorn, T. H. Acute but not chronic activation of the NMDA-coupled glycine receptor with D-cycloserine facilitates learning and retention. Eur. J. Pharmacol.257, 7–12 (1994). CASPubMed Google Scholar
McClung, C. A. & Nestler, E. J. Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and ΔFosB. Nature Neurosci.6, 1208–1215 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nestler, E. J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nature Rev. Neurosci.2, 119–128 (2001). CAS Google Scholar
Terwilliger, R. Z., Beitner-Johnson, D., Sevarino, K. A., Crain, S. M. & Nestler, E. J. A general role for adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function. Brain Res.548, 100–110 (1991). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rose, J. K. & Rankin, C. H. Blocking memory reconsolidation reverses memory-associated changes in glutamate receptor expression. J. Neurosci.26, 1582–1587 (2006). Important study showing that glutamate receptor removal from synapses coincides with behavioural measures of memory disruption after retrieval. The use of this novel dependent variable provides strong evidence for cellular changes that correlate with a reversal of learning-related changes, and therefore a role for reconsolidation in the maintenance of stored memories. Google Scholar
Eisenberg, M. & Dudai, Y. Reconsolidation of fresh, remote, and extinguished fear memory in Medaka: old fears don't die. Eur. J. Neurosci.20, 3397–3403 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Milekic, M. H. & Alberini, C. M. Temporally graded requirement for protein synthesis following memory reactivation. Neuron36, 521–525 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Frankland, P. W. et al. Stability of recent and remote contextual fear memory. Learn. Mem.13, 451–457 (2006). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pedreira, M. E., Perez-Cuesta, L. M. & Maldonado, H. Mismatch between what is expected and what actually occurs triggers memory reconsolidation or extinction. Learn. Mem.11, 579–585 (2004). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Biedenkapp, J. C. & Rudy, J. W. Context memories and reactivation: constraints on the reconsolidation hypothesis. Behav. Neurosci.118, 956–964 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Wang, S., Marin, M. & Nader, K. Memory strength as a transient boundary condition on reconsolidation of auditory fear memories and its molecular correlates. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 650.2 (2005).
Mamiya, N., Suzuki, A. & Kida, S. Analyses of brain regions showing CREB activation in reconsolidation and extinction phases of contextual fear memory. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 208.2 (2006).
Bouton, M. E. Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychol. Bull.114, 80–99 (1993). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Przybyslawski, J. Roullet, P. & Sara, S. J. Attenuation of emotional and nonemotional memories after their reactivation: role of β adrenergic receptors. J. Neurosci.19, 6623–6628 (1999). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Roullet, P. & Sara, S. Consolidation of memory after its reactivation: involvement of β noradrenergic receptors in the late phase. Neural Plast.6, 63–68 (1998). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bernadi, R. E., Lattal, K. M. & Berger, S. P. Postretrieval propranolol disrupts a cocaine conditioned place preference. Neuroreport17, 1443–1447 (2006). Google Scholar
Diergaarde, L., Schoffelmeer, A. N. & De Vries, T. J. β-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of long-term reward-related memory reconsolidation. Behav. Brain. Res.170, 333–336 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Przybyslawski, J., Roullet, P. & Sara, S. J. Reconsolidation of memory after its reactivation. Behav. Brain. Res.84, 241–246 (1997). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mamou, C. B., Gamache, K. & Nader, K. NMDA receptors are critical for unleashing consolidated auditory fear memories. Nat. Neurosci.9, 1237–1239 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Torras-Garcia, M., Lelong, J., Tronel, S. & Sara, S. Reconsolidation after remembering an odor-reward association requires NMDA receptors. Learn. Mem.12, 18–22 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cestari, V., Costanzi, M., Castellano, C. & Rossi-Arnaud, C. A role for ERK2 in reconsolidation of fear memories in mice. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem.86, 133–143 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Parsons, R. G., Gafford, G. M., Baruch, D. E., Riedner, B. A. & Helmstetter, F. J. Long-term stability of fear memory depends on the synthesis of protein but not mRNA in the amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci.23, 1853–1859 (2006). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Debiec, J., LeDoux, J. E. & Nader, K. Cellular and systems reconsolidation in the hippocampus. Neuron36, 527–538 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gainutdinova, T. H. et al. Reconsolidation of a context long-term memory in the terrestrial snail requires protein synthesis. Learn. Mem.12, 620–625 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Runyan, J. D. & Dash, P. K. Inhibition of hippocampal protein synthesis following recall disrupts expression of episodic-like memory in trace conditioning. Hippocampus15, 333–339 (2005). PubMed Google Scholar
Blum, S., Runyan, J. D. & Dash, P. K. Inhibition of prefrontal protein synthesis following recall does not disrupt memory for trace fear conditioning. BMC Neurosci.7, 67 (2006). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Litvin, O. O. & Anokhin, K. V., Mechanisms of memory reorganization during retrieval of acquired behavioral experience in chicks: the effects of protein synthesis inhibition in the brain. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol.30, 671–678 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bahar, A., Dorfman, N. & Dudai, Y. Amygdalar circuits required for either consolidation or extinction of taste aversion memory are not required for reconsolidation. Eur. J. Neurosci.19, 1115–1118 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Gruest, N., Richer, P. & Hars, B. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation in the rat pup require protein synthesis. J. Neurosci.24, 10488–10492 (2004). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang, S. H., Ostlund, S. B., Nader, K. & Balleine, B. W. Consolidation and reconsolidation of incentive learning in the amygdala. J. Neurosci.25, 830–835 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lattal, K. M., Honarvar, S. & Abel, T. Effects of post-session injections of anisomycin on the extinction of a spatial preference and on the acquisition of a spatial reversal preference. Behav. Brain. Res.153, 327–339 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Akirav, I. & Maroun, M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is obligatory for consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Cereb. Cortex16, 1739–1769 (2006). Google Scholar
Rossato, J. I et al. On the role of hippocampal protein synthesis in the consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Learn. Mem.14, 36–46 (2007). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Inda, M. C., Delgado-Garcia, J. M. & Carrion, A. M. Acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of eyelid conditioning responses require de novo protein synthesis. J. Neurosci.25, 2070–2080 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yim, A. J., Moraes, C. R., Ferriera, T. L. & Oliveira, M. G. Protein synthesis inhibition in the basolateral amygdala following retrieval does not impair expression of morphine-associated conditioned place preference. Behav. Brain. Res.171, 162–169 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sangha, S., Scheibenstock, A. & Lukowiak, K. Reconsolidation of a long-term memory in Lymnaea requires new protein and RNA synthesis and the soma of right pedal dorsal 1. J. Neurosci.3, 8034–8040 (2003). Google Scholar
Child, F. M., Epstein, H. T., Kuzirian, A. M. & Alkon, D. L. Memory reconsolidation in Hermissenda. Biol. Bull.205, 218–219 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kraus, M. et al. Memory consolidation for the discrimination of frequency-modulated tones in mongolian gerbils is sensitive to protein-synthesis inhibitors applied to the auditory cortex. Learn. Mem.9, 293–303 (2002). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Salinska, E. The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in memory consolidation and reconsolidation in the passive avoidance task in 1-day-old chicks. Neurochem. Int.48, 447–452 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sherry, J. M., Hale, M. W. & Crowe, S. F. The effects of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 on memory reconsolidation following reminder-activated retrieval in day-old chicks. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem.83, 104–112 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bucherelli, C., Baldi, E., Mariottini, C., Passani, M. B. & Blandina, P. Aversive memory reactivation engages in the amygdala only some neurotransmitters involved in consolidation. Learn. Mem.13, 426–430 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Boccia, M. M., Acosta, G. B., Blake, M. G. & Baratti, C. M. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice: effects of i.c.v. injections of hemicholinium-3. Neuroscience124, 735–741 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Doyere, V., Debiec, J., Monfils, M.-H., Schafe, G. E. & LeDoux, J. E. Synapse-specific reconsolidation of distinct fear memories in the lateral amygdala. Nature Neurosci. (in the press).