A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making (original) (raw)
References
Busemeyer, J. R. & Johnson, J. G. in Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (eds Koehler, D. & Narvey, N.) 133–154 (Blackwell Publishing Co., New York, 2004). Book Google Scholar
Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M. & Green, J. Microeconomic Theory (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995). Google Scholar
Sutton, R. S. & Barto, A. G. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998). Google Scholar
Dickison, A. & Balleine, B. W. in Steven's Handbook of Experimental Psychology Vol. 3 Learning, Motivation & Emotion (ed. Gallistel, C.) 497–533 (Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002). Google Scholar
Dayan, P. in Better Than Conscious? Implications for Performance and Institutional Analysis (eds Engel, C. & Singer, W.) 51–70 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2008). Google Scholar
Balleine, B. W., Daw, N. & O'Doherty, J. in Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain (eds Glimcher, P. W., Fehr, E., Camerer, C. & Poldrack, R. A.) 365–385 (Elsevier, New York, 2008). Google Scholar
Bouton, M. E. Learning and Behavior: A Contemporary Synthesis (Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2007). This book reviews a large amount of evidence pointing to multiple valuation systems being active in value-based decision making. Google Scholar
Dayan, P. & Seymour, B. in Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain (eds Glimcher, P. W., Camerer, C. F., Fehr, E. & Poldrack, R. A.) 175–191 (Elsevier, New York, 2008). Google Scholar
Dayan, P., Niv, Y., Seymour, B. & Daw, N. D. The misbehavior of value and the discipline of the will. Neural Netw.19, 1153–1160 (2006). This paper provided several models of how “pathological behaviours” can arise from the competition process between Pavlovian, habitual and goal-directed valuation systems. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Keay, K. A. & Bandler, R. Parallel circuits mediating distinct emotional coping reactions to different types of stress. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.25, 669–678 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J. & Everitt, B. J. Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.26, 321–352 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Holland, P. C. & Gallagher, M. Amygdala-frontal interactions and reward expectancy. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.14, 148–155 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fendt, M. & Fanselow, M. S. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.23, 743–760 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Adams, D. B. Brain mechanisms of aggressive behavior: an updated review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.30, 304–318 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Niv, Y. in Neuroscience (Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 2007). Google Scholar
Dayan, P. & Abbott, L. R. Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1999). Google Scholar
Balleine, B. W. Neural bases of food-seeking: affect, arousal and reward in corticostriatolimbic circuits. Physiol. Behav.86, 717–730 (2005). This important paper reviews a large amount of evidence pointing to multiple valuation systems being active in value-based decision making. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yin, H. H. & Knowlton, B. J. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nature Rev. Neurosci.7, 464–476 (2006). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Killcross, S. & Coutureau, E. Coordination of actions and habits in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. Cereb. Cortex13, 400–408 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Coutureau, E. & Killcross, S. Inactivation of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex reinstates goal-directed responding in overtrained rats. Behav. Brain Res.146, 167–174 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J. & Balleine, B. W. Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action-outcome learning in instrumental conditioning. Eur. J. Neurosci.22, 505–512 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wallis, J. D. & Miller, E. K. Neuronal activity in primate dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex during performance of a reward preference task. Eur. J. Neurosci.18, 2069–2081 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Padoa-Schioppa, C. & Assad, J. A. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value. Nature441, 223–226 (2006). This paper showed that neurons in the monkey OFC encode the goal value of individual rewarding objects (for example, different liquids) irrespective of the action that needs to be taken to obtain them. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wallis, J. D. Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.30, 31–56 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Barraclough, D. J., Conroy, M. L. & Lee, D. Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game. Nature Neurosci.7, 404–410 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tom, S. M., Fox, C. R., Trepel, C. & Poldrack, R. A. The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk. Science315, 515–518 (2007). This fMRI study showed that the striatal-OFC network encodes a value signal at the time of the goal-directed choice that is consistent with the properties of PT. Furthermore, the study presented evidence that suggests that both the appetitive and the aversive aspects of goal-directed decisions might be encoded in a common valuation network. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J. & Rangel, A. Orbitofrontal cortex encodes willingness to pay in everyday economic transactions. J. Neurosci.27, 9984–9988 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hare, T., O'Doherty, J., Camerer, C. F., Schultz, W. & Rangel, A. Dissociating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum in the computation of goal values and prediction errors. J. Neurosci. (in the press).
Paulus, M. P. & Frank, L. R. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments. Neuroreport14, 1311–1315 (2003). PubMed Google Scholar
Erk, S., Spitzer, M., Wunderlich, A. P., Galley, L. & Walter, H. Cultural objects modulate reward circuitry. Neuroreport13, 2499–2503 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fellows, L. K. & Farah, M. J. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in decision making: judgment under uncertainty or judgment per se? Cereb. Cortex17, 2669–2674 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lengyel, M. & Dayan, P. Hippocampal contributions to control: the third way. NIPS [online] (2007). Google Scholar
Montague, P. R. Why Choose This Book? (Dutton, 2006). Google Scholar
Fehr, E. & Camerer, C. F. Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends Cogn. Sci.11, 419–427 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lee, D. Game theory and neural basis of social decision making. Nature Neurosci.11, 404–409 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Platt, M. L. & Huettel, S. A. Risky business: the neuroeconomics of decision making under uncertainty. Nature Neurosci.11, 398–403 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Paulus, M. P., Rogalsky, C., Simmons, A., Feinstein, J. S. & Stein, M. B. Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. Neuroimage19, 1439–1448 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Leland, D. S. & Paulus, M. P. Increased risk-taking decision-making but not altered response to punishment in stimulant-using young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend.78, 83–90 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Paulus, M. P. et al. Prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortex networks underlie decision-making in the presence of uncertainty. Neuroimage13, 91–100 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W. & McCarthy, G. Decisions under uncertainty: probabilistic context influences activation of prefrontal and parietal cortices. J. Neurosci.25, 3304–3311 (2005). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bossaerts, P. & Hsu, M. in Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain (eds Glimcher, P. W., Camerer, C. F., Fehr, E. & Poldrack, R. A.) 351–364 (Elsevier, New York, 2008). Google Scholar
Preuschoff, K. & Bossaerts, P. Adding prediction risk to the theory of reward learning. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1104, 135–146 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Preuschoff, K., Bossaerts, P. & Quartz, S. R. Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures. Neuron51, 381–390 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tobler, P. N., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J. & Schultz, W. Reward value coding distinct from risk attitude-related uncertainty coding in human reward systems. J. Neurophysiol.97, 1621–1632 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T., McCabe, C. & Redoute, J. Expected value, reward outcome, and temporal difference error representations in a probabilistic decision task. Cereb. Cortex18, 652–663 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Dreher, J. C., Kohn, P. & Berman, K. F. Neural coding of distinct statistical properties of reward information in humans. Cereb. Cortex16, 561–573 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Preuschoff, K., Quartz, S. R. & Bossaerts, P. Human insula activation reflects prediction errors as well as risk. J. Neurosci.28, 2745–2752 (2008). This fMRI study shows that the human insula encodes risk-prediction errors that could be used to learn the riskiness of different options and that are complementary to reward-prediction errors. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tobler, P. N., Fiorillo, C. D. & Schultz, W. Adaptive coding of reward value by dopamine neurons. Science307, 1642–1645 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Platt, M. L. & Glimcher, P. W. Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Nature400, 233–238 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. & Weber, M. Recent developments in modelling preferences: uncertainty and ambiguity. J. Risk Uncertain.5, 325–370 (1992). Article Google Scholar
Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D. & Camerer, C. F. Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making. Science310, 1680–1683 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Huettel, S. A., Stowe, C. J., Gordon, E. M., Warner, B. T. & Platt, M. L. Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. Neuron49, 765–775 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U. & Erev, I. Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychol. Sci.15, 534–539 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., Shiv, B. & Bechara, A. Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychol. Sci.18, 958–964 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B. & Dolan, R. J. Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science313, 684–687 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G. & O'Donoghue, T. Time discounting and time preference: a critical review. J. Econ. Lit.40, 351–401 (2002). Article Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G. & Cohen, J. D. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science306, 503–507 (2004). This fMRI study argued that competing goal-directed valuation systems play a part in decisions that involve choosing between immediate small monetary payoffs and larger but delayed payoffs. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Ericson, K. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G. & Cohen, J. D. Time discounting for primary rewards. J. Neurosci.27, 5796–5804 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Berns, G. S., Laibson, D. & Loewenstein, G. Intertemporal choice - toward an integrative framework. Trends Cogn. Sci.11, 482–488 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kable, J. W. & Glimcher, P. W. The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nature Neurosci.10, 1625–1633 (2007). This fMRI study argued that a single goal-directed valuation system plays a part in decisions that involve choosing between immediate small monetary payoffs and larger but delayed payoffs. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Read, D., Frederick, S., Orsel, B. & Rahman, J. Four score and seven years ago from now: the “date/delay” effect in temporal discounting. Manage. Sci.51, 1326–1335 (1997). Article Google Scholar
Mischel, W. & Underwood, B. Instrumental ideation in delay of gratification. Child Dev.45, 1083–1088 (1974). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wilson, M. & Daly, M. Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? Proc. Biol. Sci.271 (Suppl 4), S177–S179 (2004). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. Econ. J.97, 666–684 (1987). Article Google Scholar
Stevens, J. R., Hallinan, E. V. & Hauser, M. D. The ecology and evolution of patience in two New World monkeys. Biol. Lett.1, 223–226 (2005). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav.4, 267–272 (1961). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Corrado, G. S., Sugrue, L. P., Seung, H. S. & Newsome, W. T. Linear-nonlinear-poisson models of primate choice dynamics. J. Exp. Anal. Behav.84, 581–617 (2005). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H. & Movshon, J. A. Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision. Nature341, 52–54 (1989). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim, J. N. & Shadlen, M. N. Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Nature Neurosci.2, 176–185 (1999). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. The neural basis of decision making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.30, 535–574 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. Banburisms and the brain: decoding the relationship between sensory stimuli, decisions, and reward. Neuron36, 299–308 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli. Trends Cogn. Sci.5, 10–16 (2001). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Heekeren, H. R., Marrett, S. & Ungerleider, L. G. The neural systems that mediate human perceptual decision making. Nature Rev. Neurosci.9, 467–479 (2008). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Daw, N. D., Niv, Y. & Dayan, P. Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control. Nature Neurosci.8, 1704–1711 (2005). This paper proposed a theoretical model of how the brain might assign control to the different goal and habitual systems. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Frank, M. J., Seeberger, L. C. & O'Reilly, R. C. By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in parkinsonism. Science306, 1940–1943 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Frank, M. J. Hold your horses: a dynamic computational role for the subthalamic nucleus in decision making. Neural Netw.19, 1120–1136 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
de Araujo, I. E., Rolls, E. T., Kringelbach, M. L., McGlone, F. & Phillips, N. Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci.18, 2059–2068 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
de Araujo, I. E., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T. & McGlone, F. Human cortical responses to water in the mouth, and the effects of thirst. J. Neurophysiol.90, 1865–1876 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Anderson, A. K. et al. Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nature Neurosci.6, 196–202 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
de Araujo, I. E., Rolls, E. T., Velazco, M. I., Margot, C. & Cayeux, I. Cognitive modulation of olfactory processing. Neuron46, 671–679 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McClure, S. M. et al. Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks. Neuron44, 379–387 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kringelbach, M. L., O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T. & Andrews, C. Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cereb. Cortex13, 1064–1071 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Small, D. M. et al. Dissociation of neural representation of intensity and affective valuation in human gustation. Neuron39, 701–711 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Blood, A. J. & Zatorre, R. J. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98, 11818–11823 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
O'Doherty, J. et al. Sensory-specific satiety-related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroreport11, 399–403 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Small, D. M., Zatorre, R. J., Dagher, A., Evans, A. C. & Jones-Gotman, M. Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain124, 1720–1733 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A. & Shizgal, P. Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron30, 619–639 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Adams, C. M., Varner, J. L. & Hommer, D. Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. Neuroreport12, 3683–3687 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zink, C. F., Pagnoni, G., Martin-Skurski, M. E., Chappelow, J. C. & Berns, G. S. Human striatal responses to monetary reward depend on saliency. Neuron42, 509–517 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Peyron, R. et al. Haemodynamic brain responses to acute pain in humans: sensory and attentional networks. Brain122, 1765–1780 (1999). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Davis, K. D., Taylor, S. J., Crawley, A. P., Wood, M. L. & Mikulis, D. J. Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J. Neurophysiol.77, 3370–3380 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seo, H. & Lee, D. Temporal filtering of reward signals in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during a mixed-strategy game. J. Neurosci.27, 8366–8377 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pecina, S., Smith, K. S. & Berridge, K. C. Hedonic hot spots in the brain. Neuroscientist12, 500–511 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J., Shiv, B. & Rangel, A. Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, 1050–1054 (2008). This paper showed that the level of “experienced pleasantness” encoded in the medial OFC at the time of consuming a wine is modulated by subjects' beliefs about the price of the wine that they are drinking. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Montague, P. R., King-Casas, B. & Cohen, J. D. Imaging valuation models in human choice. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.29, 417–448 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tremblay, L., Hollerman, J. R. & Schultz, W. Modifications of reward expectation-related neuronal activity during learning in primate striatum. J. Neurophysiol.80, 964–977 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hollerman, J. R. & Schultz, W. Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning. Nature Neurosci.1, 304–309 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schultz, W., Dayan, P. & Montague, P. R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science275, 1593–1599 (1997). This seminal paper proposed the connection between the prediction-error component of reinforcement-learning models and the behaviour of dopamine cells. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mirenowicz, J. & Schultz, W. Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol.72, 1024–1027 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schultz, W. Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.30, 259–288 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schultz, W. Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.14, 139–147 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Montague, P. R., Dayan, P. & Sejnowski, T. J. A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning. J. Neurosci.16, 1936–1947 (1996). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yacubian, J. et al. Dissociable systems for gain- and loss-related value predictions and errors of prediction in the human brain. J. Neurosci.26, 9530–9537 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tanaka, S. C. et al. Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops. Nature Neurosci.7, 887–893 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pagnoni, G., Zink, C. F., Montague, P. R. & Berns, G. S. Activity in human ventral striatum locked to errors of reward prediction. Nature Neurosci.5, 97–98 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
O'Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H. & Dolan, R. J. Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain. Neuron38, 329–337 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Knutson, B., Westdorp, A., Kaiser, E. & Hommer, D. fMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. Neuroimage12, 20–27 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Delgado, M. R., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, C., Noll, D. C. & Fiez, J. A. Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. J. Neurophysiol.84, 3072–3077 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bayer, H. M. & Glimcher, P. W. Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron47, 129–141 (2005). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bayer, H. M., Lau, B. & Glimcher, P. W. Statistics of midbrain dopamine neuron spike trains in the awake primate. J. Neurophysiol.98, 1428–1439 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Seymour, B., Daw, N., Dayan, P., Singer, T. & Dolan, R. Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum. J. Neurosci.27, 4826–4831 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Daw, N. D., Kakade, S. & Dayan, P. Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine. Neural Netw.15, 603–616 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lohrenz, T., McCabe, K., Camerer, C. F. & Montague, P. R. Neural signature of fictive learning signals in a sequential investment task. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 9493–9498 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. & Chong, J. K. Self-tuning experience weighted attraction learning in games. J. Econ. Theory133, 177–198 (2007). Article Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. Advances in prospect theory cumulative representation of uncertainty. J. Risk Uncertain.5, 297–323 (1992). Article Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. Prospect Theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica4, 263–291 (1979). This seminal paper proposed the PT model for goal-directed valuation in the presence of risk and provided some supporting evidence. It is one of the most cited papers in economics. Article Google Scholar
Chen, K., Lakshminarayanan, V. & Santos, L. How basic are behavioral biases? Evidence from capuchin-monkey trading behavior. J. Polit. Econ.114, 517–537 (2006). Article Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. in Choice, Values, and Frames (eds Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000). Google Scholar
Gilboa, I. & Schmeidler, D. Maxmin expected utility with non-unique prior. J. Math. Econ.28, 141–153 (1989). Article Google Scholar
Ghirardato, P., Maccheroni, F. & Marinacci, M. Differentiating ambiguity and ambiguity attitude. J. Econ. Theory118, 133–173 (2004). Article Google Scholar
Nestler, E. J. & Charney, D. S. The Neurobiology of Mental Illness (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2004). Google Scholar
Kauer, J. A. & Malenka, R. C. Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nature Rev. Neurosci.8, 844–858 (2007). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C. & Nestler, E. J. Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.29, 565–598 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Redish, A. D. & Johnson, A. A computational model of craving and obsession. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1104, 324–339 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Redish, A. D. Addiction as a computational process gone awry. Science306, 1944–1947 (2004). This paper showed how addiction can be conceptualized as a disease of the habit valuation system, using a simple modification of the reinforcement-learning model. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Paulus, M. P. Decision-making dysfunctions in psychiatry—altered homeostatic processing? Science318, 602–606 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Miller, E. K. & Cohen, J. D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.24, 167–202 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J. & O'Reilly, R. C. Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.362, 1601–1613 (2007). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Niv, Y., Joel, D. & Dayan, P. A normative perspective on motivation. Trends Cogn. Sci.10, 375–381 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar