The basis for half-site specificity explored through a non-cognate steroid receptor-DNA complex (original) (raw)

References

  1. Evans, R.M. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240, 889–895 (1988).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Beato, M. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56, 335–344 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Parker, M.G. Nuclear Hormone Receptors (Academic Press, London, 1991).
    Google Scholar
  4. Klock, G., Strahle, U. & Schutz, G. Oestrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements are closely related but distinct. Nature 329, 734–736 (1987).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Naar, A.M. et al. The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors. Cell 65, 1267–1279 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Umesono, K., Murakami, K.K., Thompson, C.C. & Evans, R.M. Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors. Cell 65, 1255–1266 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Kumar, V. & Chambon, P. The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell 55, 145–156 (1988).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Tsai, S.Y. et al. Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell 55, 361–369 (1988).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Yu, V.C. et al. RXR beta: a coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements. Cell 67, 1251–1266 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Zhang, X.K. et al. Homodimer formation of retinoid X receptor induced by 9-cis retinoic acid. Nature 358, 587–591 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Kliewer, S.A., Umesono, K., Noonan, D.J., Heyman, R.A. & Evans, R.M. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature 358, 771–774 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Kliewer, S.A., Umesono, K., Mangelsdorf, D.J. & Evans, R.M. Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling. Nature 355, 446–9 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Leid, M. et al. Purification, cloning, and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or TR heterodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently. Cell 68, 377–395 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Marks, M.S. et al. H-2RIIBP (RXR beta) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone responsive genes. EMBO J. 11, 1419–1435 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Luisi, B.F. et al. Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA. Nature 352, 497–505 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Schwabe, J.W. Chapman, L., Finch, J.T. & Rhodes, D. The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements. Cell 75, 567–578 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Hard, T. et al. Solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Science 249, 157–160 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Schwabe, J.W., Neuhaus, D. & Rhodes, D. Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor. Nature 348, 458–461 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. Baumann, H. et al. Refined solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptorDNA-bindingdomain. Biochemistry 32, 13463–13471 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  20. Green, S. & Chambon, P. Oestradiol induction of a glucocorticoid-responsive gene by a chimaeric receptor. Nature 325, 75–78 (1987).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Green, S., Kumar, V., Theulaz, I., Wahli, W. & Chambon, P., DNA-binding ‘zinc finger’ of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity. EMBO J. 7, 3037–3044 (1988).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Danielsen, M., Hinck, L. & Ringold, G.M. Two amino acids within the knuckle of the first zinc finger specify DNA response element activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 57, 1131–1138 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Mader, S., Kumar, V., de Verneuil, H. & Chambon, P. Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Nature 338, 271–274 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Umesono, K. & Evans, R.M. Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors. Cell 57, 1139–1346 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Zilliacus, J., Dahlman-Wright, K., Wright, A., Gustafsson, J.A. & Carlstedt-Duke, J. DNA binding specificity of mutant glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domains. J. biol. Chem. 266, 3101–3106 (1991).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  26. Alroy, I. & Freedman, L.P. DNA binding analysis of glucocorticoid receptor specificity mutants. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 1045–1052 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Lundback, T., Cairns, C., Gustafsson, J.A., Carlstedt-Duke, J. & Hard, T. Thermodynamics of the glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interaction: binding of wild-type GR DBD to different response elements. Biochemistry 32, 5074–5082 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Dahlman-Wright, K., Siltala-Roos, H., Carlstedt-Duke, J. & Gustafsson, J.A. Protein-protein interactions facilitate DNA binding by the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. J. biol. Chem. 265, 14030–14035 (1990).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  29. Ladbury, J.E., Wright, J.G., Sturtevant, J.M. & Sigler, P.B. A thermodynamic study of the trp repressor-operator interaction. J. molec. Biol. 238, 669–6681 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Rastinejad, F., Perlmann, T., Evans, R.M. & Sigler, P.B. Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats. Nature, in the press.
  31. Lundback, T., Zilliacus, J., Gustafsson, J.A., Carlstedt-Duke, J. & Hard, T. Thermodynamics of sequence-specific glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interactions. Biochemistry 33, 5955–5965 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Brünger, A.T. X-PLOR, Version 3.1: A System for Crystallography and NMR (Yale University Press, New Haven; 1992).
    Google Scholar
  33. Lavery, R. & Sklenar, H. Defining the structure of irregular nucleic acids: conventions and principles. J. biomolec.Struct. Dynam. 6, 655–667 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references