Demonstration of 4.8 × 10−17 stability at 1 s for two independent optical clocks (original) (raw)

• Bloom, B. J. et al. An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10−18 level. Nature 506, 71–75 (2014).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Nicholson, T. L. et al. Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2 × 10−18 total uncertainty. Nat. Commun. 6, 6896 (2015).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Huntemann, N., Sanner, C., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, C. & Peik, E. Single-ion atomic clock with 3 × 10−18 systematic uncertainty. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 063001 (2016).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• McGrew, W. F. et al. Atomic clock performance enabling geodesy below the centimetre level. Nature 564, 87–90 (2018).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Brewer, S. M. et al. 27Al+ quantum-logic clock with a systematic uncertainty below 10−18. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 033201 (2019).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Takano, T. et al. Geopotential measurements with synchronously linked optical lattice clocks. Nat. Photon. 10, 662–666 (2016).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Riehle, F. Towards a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks. C. R. Phys. 16, 506–515 (2015).
  Article Google Scholar
• Huntemann, N. et al. Improved limit on a temporal variation of m p/m e from comparisons of Yb+ and Cs atomic clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 210802 (2014).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Godun, R. M. et al. Frequency ratio of two optical clock transitions in 171Yb+ and constraints on the time variation of fundamental constants. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 210801 (2014).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Rosenband, T. et al. Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place. Science 319, 1808–1812 (2008).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Chou, C. W., Hume, D. B., Rosenband, T. & Wineland, D. J. Optical clocks and relativity. Science 329, 1630–1633 (2010).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Grotti, J. et al. Geodesy and metrology with a transportable optical clock. Nat. Phys. 14, 437–441 (2018).
  Article Google Scholar
• Sanner, C. et al. Optical clock comparison test of Lorentz symmetry. Nature 567, 204–208 (2019).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Delva, P. et al. Test of special relativity using a fiber network of optical clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 221102 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Kolkowitz, S. et al. Gravitational wave detection with optical lattice atomic clocks. Phys. Rev. D 94, 124043 (2016).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Derevianko, A. & Pospelov, M. Hunting for topological dark matter with atomic clocks. Nat. Phys. 10, 933–936 (2014).
  Article Google Scholar
• Arvanitaki, A., Huang, J. & Van Tilburg, K. Searching for dilaton dark matter with atomic clocks. Phys. Rev. D 91, 015015 (2015).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Itano, W. M. et al. Quantum projection noise: population fluctuations in two-level systems. Phys. Rev. A 47, 3554–3570 (1993).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Schioppo, M. et al. Ultra-stable optical clock with two cold-atom ensembles. Nat. Photon. 11, 48–52 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Nicholson, T. L. et al. Comparison of two independent Sr optical clocks with 1 × 10−17 stability at 103 s. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 230801 (2012).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Häfner, S., Sterr, U. & Lisdat, C. Noise and instability of an optical lattice clock. Phys. Rev. A 92, 063814 (2015).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. L. et al. A Fermi-degenerate three-dimensional optical lattice clock. Science 358, 90–94 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Kolkowitz, S. et al. Spin–orbit-coupled fermions in an optical lattice clock. Nature 542, 66–70 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. et al. Spectroscopic observation of SU(N)-symmetric interactions in Sr orbital magnetism. Science 345, 1467–1473 (2014).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Martin, M. J. et al. A quantum many-body spin system in an optical lattice clock. Science 341, 632–636 (2013).
  Article ADS MathSciNet Google Scholar
• Bishof, M., Zhang, X., Martin, M. J. & Ye, J. Optical spectrum analyzer with quantum-limited noise floor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 093604 (2013).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Häfner, S. et al. 8 × 10−17 fractional laser frequency instability with a long room-temperature cavity. Opt. Lett. 40, 2112–2115 (2015).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Kessler, T. et al. A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity. Nat. Photon. 6, 687–692 (2012).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Matei, D. G. et al. 1.5 μm lasers with sub-10 mHz linewidth. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 263202 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Zhang, W. et al. Ultrastable silicon cavity in a continuously operating closed-cycle cryostat at 4 K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 243601 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. M. et al. Crystaline optical cavity at 4 K with thermal noise limited instability and ultralow drift. Optica 6, 240–243 (2019).
  Article Google Scholar
• Boyd, M. M. et al. Nuclear spin effects in optical lattice clocks. Phys. Rev. A 76, 022510 (2007).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Rubiola, E. & Vernotte, F. The cross-spectrum experimental method. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0113 (2010).
• Dick, J. G. Local oscillator induced instabilities in trapped ion frequency standards. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting, 133–147 (US Naval Observatory, 1988); https://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/1987papers/Vol%2019_13.pdf
• Santarelli, G. et al. Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 45, 887 (1998).
  Article Google Scholar
• Bothwell, T. et al. JILA Sr1 optical lattice clock with uncertainty of 2.0 × 10−18. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.06004 (2019).
• Takamoto, M., Takano, T. & Katori, H. Frequency comparison of optical lattice clocks beyond the Dick limit. Nat. Photon. 5, 288–292 (2011).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Ushijima, I., Takamoto, M., Das, M., Ohkubo, T. & Katori, H. Cryogenic optical lattice clocks. Nat. Photon. 9, 185–189 (2015).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Riehle, F. Optical clock networks. Nat. Photon. 11, 25–31 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Cole, G. D., Zhang, W., Martin, M. J., Ye, J. & Aspelmeyer, M. Tenfold reduction of Brownian noise in high-reflectivity optical coatings. Nat. Photon. 7, 644–650 (2013).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Hutson, R. B., Goban, A., Marti, G. E. & Ye, J. Engineering quantum states of matter for atomic clocks in shallow optical lattices. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.02498 (2019).
• Marti, G. E. et al. Imaging optical frequencies with 100 μHz precision and 1.1 μm resolution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 103201 (2018).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Zhang, W. et al. Reduction of residual amplitude modulation to 1 × 10−6 for frequency modulation and laser stabilization. Opt. Lett. 39, 1980–1983 (2014).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Milner, W. R. et al. Demonstration of a time scale based on a stable optical carrier. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03184 (2019).
• Hänsel, W. et al. All polarization-maintaining fiber laser architecture for robust femtosecond pulse generation. Appl. Phys. B 123, 41 (2017).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Hänsel, W., Giunta, M., Fischer, M., Lezius, M. & Holzwarth, R. Rapid electro-optic control of the carrier-envelope-offset frequency for ultra-low noise frequency combs. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium 128–129 (IEEE, 2017).
• Giunta, M., Hänsel, W., Fischer, M., Lezius, M. & Holzwarth, R. Sub-mHz spectral purity transfer for next generation strontium optical atomic clocks. In Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics SM1L.5 (OSA, 2018).
• Ma, L. S., Jungner, P., Ye, J. & Hall, J. L. Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path. Opt. Lett. 19, 1777–1779 (1994).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Falke, S., Misera, M., Sterr, U. & Lisdat, C. Delivering pulsed and phase stable light to atoms of an optical clock. Appl. Phys. B 107, 301–311 (2012).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Howe, D. The total deviation approach to long-term characterization of frequency stability. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 47, 1102–1110 (2000).
  Article Google Scholar