Defining comprehensive models of care for NAFLD (original) (raw)

• Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990&2013;2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020).
  Article Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. M. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease — meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64, 73–84 (2016).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ekstedt, M., Nasr, P. & Kechagias, S. Natural history of NAFLD/NASH. Curr. Hepatol. Rep. 16, 391–397 (2017).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Calzadilla Bertot, L. & Adams, L. A. The natural course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 774 (2016).
  Article PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Estes, C. et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J. Hepatol. 69, 896–904 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Estes, C., Razavi, H., Loomba, R., Younossi, Z. & Sanyal, A. J. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology 67, 123–133 (2018).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Adams, L. A., Anstee, Q. M., Tilg, H. & Targher, G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and other extrahepatic diseases. Gut 66, 1138–1153 (2017).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Anstee, Q. M., Targher, G. & Day, C. P. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 330–344 (2013).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Byrne, C. D. & Targher, G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J. Hepatol. 62, S47–S64 (2015).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Angulo, P. et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is asssociated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149, 389–397.e10 (2015).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Haflidadottir, S. et al. Long-term follow-up and liver-related death rate in patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic related fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 14, 166 (2014).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Park, S. K., Seo, M. H., Shin, H. C. & Ryoo, J. H. Clinical availability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as an early predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean men: 5-year prospective cohort study. Hepatology 57, 1378–1383 (2013).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. S. et al. Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 158, 1611–1625.e12 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O’Hara, J. et al. Cost of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Europe and the USA: the GAIN study. JHEP Rep. 2, 100142 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hagström, H. et al. Health care costs of patients with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are nearly twice those of matched controls. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 1592–1599.e8 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. M. et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology 64, 1577–1586 (2016).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Huber, Y. et al. Health-related quality of life in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associates with hepatic inflammation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 2085–2092.e1 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ruissen, M. M., Mak, A. L., Beuers, U., Tushuizen, M. E. & Holleboom, A. G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multidisciplinary approach towards a cardiometabolic liver disease. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 183, R57–R73 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sanyal, A. J. Putting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on the radar for primary care physicians: how well are we doing? BMC Med. 16, 148 (2018).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Araújo, A. R., Rosso, N., Bedogni, G., Tiribelli, C. & Bellentani, S. Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: what we need in the future. Liver Int. 38, 47–51 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Castera, L., Friedrich-Rust, M. & Loomba, R. Noninvasive assessment of liver disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 156, 1264–1281.e4 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A. Therapeutic landscape for NAFLD in 2020. Gastroenterology 158, 1984–1998.e3 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Berná, G. & Romero-Gomez, M. The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiology and management. Liver Int. 40, 102–108 (2020).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hydes, T. J., Ravi, S., Loomba, R. & M, E. G. Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 26, 383–400 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ratziu, V. Non-pharmacological interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Liver Int. 37, 90–96 (2017).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, European Association for the Study of Obesity. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 64, 1388–1402 (2016).
  Google Scholar
• Chalasani, N. et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 67, 328–357 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lazarus, J. V. et al. A cross-sectional study of the public health response to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Europe. J. Hepatol. 72, 14–24 (2020). Contributing to the dearth of research on national policies and guidelines for NAFLD and NASH, this paper highlights the severe lack of attention the disease has been given in national health agendas.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lazarus, J. V. et al. We know DAAs work, so now what? Simplifying models of care to enhance the hepatitis C cascade. J. Intern. Med. 286, 503–525 (2019).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lazarus, J. V. et al. A systematic review of comprehensive models of care for NAFLD and NASH (626). Hepatology, 72 (Issue S1), 378A (2020).
  Google Scholar
• Tsochatzis, E. A. & Newsome, P. N. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the interface between primary and secondary care. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 509–517 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dyson, J. K., Anstee, Q. M. & McPherson, S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to treatment. Frontline Gastroenterol. 5, 277–286 (2014).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Björkstrom, K., Stal, P., Hultcrantz, R. & Hagstrom, H. Histologic scores for fat and fibrosis associate with development of type 2 diabetes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 1461–1468 (2017).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• European Pathways Association. Care Pathways. e-p-a.org http://e-p-a.org/care-pathways (2021).
• Chalmers, J. et al. The development and implementation of a commissioned pathway for the identification and stratification of liver disease in the community. Frontline Gastroenterol. 11, 86–92 (2020). A large care pathway for identification and risk stratification of liver disease in a community of over 700,000 people.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A. et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 71, 371–378 (2019). Evaluation of a referral pathway utilizing blood tests to risk-stratify patients with NAFLD in primary care and identify those requiring further investigation in secondary care.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Moolla, A. et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of NAFLD is associated with improvement in markers of liver and cardio-metabolic health. Frontline Gastroenterol. 10, 337–346 (2019). Evaluation of a multidisciplinary team approach for the management of NAFLD and cardiovascular health.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hudson, M. & Mcpherson, S. Liver Network guidelines for the management of adults with asymptomatic liver function abnormalities on behalf of the North East & North Cumbria Hepatology Network. northoftyneapc.nhs.uk http://www.northoftyneapc.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/Abnormal-LFT-Guidelines-NENC-Hepatology-Network-V2.1-Sept-2020-Final.pdf (2020).
• Neilson, L. J. et al. Implementation of a care bundle improves the management of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontline Gastroenterol. https://doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2020-101480 (2021). Outlining a novel NAFLD ‘care bundle’ to standardize secondary care management and assessing the effect of implementation of the NAFLD care bundle.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shaheen, A. A. et al. Risk stratification of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using a case identification pathway in primary care: a cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open 8, E370–E376 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dillon, J. F. et al. Intelligent liver function testing (iLFT): a trial of automated diagnosis and staging of liver disease in primary care. J. Hepatol. 71, 699–706 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Doward, L. C. et al. Development of a patient-reported outcome measure for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH-CHECK): results of a qualitative study. Patient https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-020-00485-w (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. M. & Henry, L. Economic and quality-of-life implications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacoeconomics 33, 1245–1253 (2015).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dyson, J. K., Anstee, Q. M. & McPherson, S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline Gastroenterol. 5, 211–218 (2014).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Eslam, M. et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol. Int. 14, 889–919 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Wong, V. W. et al. Asia-pacific working party on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease guidelines 2017-part 1: definition, risk factors and assessment. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 33, 70–85 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Arab, J. P. et al. Latin American Association for the study of the liver (ALEH) practice guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann. Hepatol. 19, 674–690 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of medical care in diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care 43(Suppl. 1), S37–S47 (2020).
  Article Google Scholar
• Castera, L. Non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis in NAFLD: creating pathways between primary healthcare and liver clinics. Liver Int. 40, 77–81 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Vali, Y. et al. Enhanced liver fibrosis test for the non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hepatol. 73, 252–262 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• McPherson, S. et al. Age as a confounding factor for the accurate non-invasive diagnosis of advanced NAFLD fibrosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 740–751 (2017).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Anstee, Q. M. et al. Noninvasive tests accurately identify advanced fibrosis due to NASH: baseline data from the STELLAR trials. Hepatology 70, 1521–1530 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Augustin, S. et al. Identification of patients with advanced fibrosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: considerations for best practice. J. Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 29, 235–245 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Castera, L. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: non-invasive tests are enough. Liver Int. 38, 67–70 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Majumdar, A., Campos, S., Gurusamy, K., Pinzani, M. & Tsochatzis, E. A. Defining the minimum acceptable diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive fibrosis testing in cirrhosis: a decision analytic modeling study. Hepatology 71, 627–642 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Eslam, M. et al. A sequential algorithm combining ADAPT and liver stiffness can stage metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in hospital-based and primary care patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 11, 984–993 (2021).
  Article Google Scholar
• Bril, F. et al. Performance of plasma biomarkers and diagnostic panels for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 43, 290–297 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hagström, H., Talbäck, M., Andreasson, A., Walldius, G. & Hammar, N. Repeated FIB-4 measurements can help identify individuals at risk of severe liver disease. J. Hepatol. 73, 1023–1029 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. in Investigating and Referring Incidental Findings of Abnormal Liver Tests (Oxfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group, 2018).
• Armstrong, M. J. et al. Severe asymptomatic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in routine diabetes care; a multi-disciplinary team approach to diagnosis and management. QJM 107, 33–41 (2014). Detailing a non-invasive approach to identify asymptomatic NAFLD patients in diabetes care and deliver multidisciplinary management.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Crossan, C. et al. Referral pathways for patients with NAFLD based on non-invasive fibrosis tests: diagnostic accuracy and cost analysis. Liver Int. 39, 2052–2060 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A. et al. Cost-comparison analysis of FIB-4, ELF and Fibroscan in community pathways for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 19, 122 (2019).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Tanajewski, L. et al. Economic evaluation of a community-based diagnostic pathway to stratify adults for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a Markov model informed by a feasibility study. BMJ Open 7, e015659 (2017).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Standing, H. C. et al. GPs’ experiences and perceptions of early detection of liver disease: a qualitative study in primary care. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 68, e743–e749 (2018).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wieland, A. C., Quallick, M., Truesdale, A., Mettler, P. & Bambha, K. M. Identifying practice gaps to optimize medical care for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 58, 2809–2816 (2013).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Muthiah, M. D. & Sanyal, A. J. Current management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int. 40, 89–95 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• DeVore, S. et al. A multidisciplinary clinical program is effective in stabilizing BMI and reducing transaminase levels in pediatric patients with NAFLD. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57, 119–123 (2013). A comprehensive MoC for children with NAFLD.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mantovani, A. et al. Amultidisciplinary approach to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) improves cardiovascular risk factors [abstract P04-01YI]. EASL NAFLD Summit 2019 (2019).
• Ahmed, M. H., Woodward, C. & Mital, D. Metabolic clinic for individuals with HIV/AIDS: a commitment and vision to the future of HIV services. Cardiovasc. Endocrinol. 6, 109–112 (2017). Outlining a novel approach to meet the needs of people living with HIV and metabolic conditions, including NAFLD, through a metabolic clinic.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hefner, A. M. et al. Integrating nurses in the management and care of patients with NAFLD: better adherence and outcomes (413). J. Hepatol. 70 (Suppl.), e576 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• Patton, H. M., Stern, J. A., Moreno, M. R. & Nyberg, L. M. A novel care pathway for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a large, integrated healthcare delivery system [abstract 492]. Hepatology, 68 (Issue S1), 294A (2018).
  Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. D. et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation 129 (Suppl. 2), S102–S138 (2014).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, K., Avery, L. & Trenell, M. I. Targeting lifestyle behavior change in adults with NAFLD During a 20-min consultation: summary of the dietary and exercise literature. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 18, 11–11 (2016).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kanwal, F. et al. Effect of metabolic traits on the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 71, 808–819 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Jarvis, H. et al. Metabolic risk factors and incident advanced liver disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. PLoS Med. 17, e1003100 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Singh, S. et al. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 643–654.e1-9 (2015).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Hagström, H. et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J. Hepatol. 67, 1265–1273 (2017).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Di Cesare, M. et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 381, 585–597 (2013).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Peters, R. et al. Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622319880392 (2019).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fuchs, S., Henschke, C., Blümel, M. & Busse, R. Disease management programs for type 2 diabetes in Germany: a systematic literature review evaluating effectiveness. Dtsch. Arztebl Int. 111, 453–463 (2014).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Varghese, C. et al. Better health and wellbeing for billion more people: integrating non-communicable diseases in primary care. BMJ 364, l327 (2019).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lion, A. et al. Physical activity promotion in primary care: a Utopian quest? Health Promotion Int. 34, 877–886 (2018).
  Article Google Scholar
• Grgurevic, I. et al. Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for clinical practice and an individualized approach. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 9181368 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Haldar, D. et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a European Liver Transplant Registry study. J. Hepatol. 71, 313–322 (2019).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Terrault, N. A. & Pageaux, G. P. A changing landscape of liver transplantation: King HCV is dethroned, ALD and NAFLD take over! J. Hepatol. 69, 767–768 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. et al. Real-world data reveal a diagnostic gap in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. 16, 130 (2018).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Casler, K., Trees, K. & Bosak, K. Providing care for fatty liver disease patients: primary care nurse practitioners’ knowledge, actions, and preparedness. Gastroenterol. Nurs. 43, E184–E189 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Noureddin, M. et al. Screening for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in persons with type 2 diabetes in the United States is cost-effective: a comprehensive cost-utility analysis. Gastroenterology 159, 1985–1987.e4 (2020).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Glass, L. M., Hunt, C. M., Fuchs, M. & Su, G. L. Comorbidities and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the chicken, the egg, or both? Fed. Pract. 36, 64–71 (2019).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Björkström, K. et al. A personalized treatment program in persons with type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in liver steatosis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000001882 (2020).
  Article Google Scholar
• Alemany-Pagès, M. et al. Insights from qualitative research on NAFLD awareness with a cohort of T2DM patients: time to go public with insulin resistance? BMC Public. Health 20, 1142 (2020).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. T., Reidlinger, D. P., Hoffmann, T. C. & Campbell, K. L. Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults with chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104, 1693–1702 (2016).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Townsend, S. A. & Newsome, P. N. The role of a dedicated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease clinic in 2016. Dig. Dis. 35, 371–376 (2017).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Wong, E. L. Y. et al. Patient experience and satisfaction with inpatient service: development of short form survey instrument measuring the core aspect of inpatient experience. PLoS One 10, e0122299 (2015).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B. & Dimatteo, M. R. The challenge of patient adherence. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 1, 189–199 (2005).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dixon, B. E., Embi, P. J. & Haggstrom, D. A. Information technologies that facilitate care coordination: provider and patient perspectives. Transl. Behav. Med. 8, 522–525 (2018).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilton Park. Consensus for Care Pathways for NAFLD/NASH. https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/WP1736V1-Report.pdf (2020)
• Gehrke, N. & Schattenberg, J. M. Metabolic inflammation-a role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Gastroenterology 158, 1929–1947.e6 (2020).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. et al. Global perspectives on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 69, 2672–2682 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Albhaisi, S., Chowdhury, A. & Sanyal, A. J. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals. JHEP Reports 1, 329–341 (2019).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Musso, G., Gambino, R., Cassader, M. & Pagano, G. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann. Med. 43, 617–649 (2011).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Baratta, F. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in a prospective study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 2324–2331.e4 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Hagström, H. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 39, 197–204 (2019).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar