Differential associations of body mass index and adiposity with all-cause mortality among men in the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and NHANES II) follow-up studies (original) (raw)

• Troiano RP, Frongillo EA Jr, Sobal J, Levitsky DA . The relationship of body weight and mortality: a quantitative analysis of combined information from existing studies Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996 20: 63–75.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Saunders SE . Obesity in North America: an overview Med Clin N Am 2000 84: 305–332.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Willett WC . Body weight and longevity: a reassessment JAMA 1987 257: 353–358.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE . Body weight and mortality among women New Engl J Med 1995 333: 677–685.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Thun MJ, Wood JL . The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality New Engl J Med 1998 338: 1–7.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• The BMI in Diverse Populations Collaborative Group . Effect of smoking on the body mass index-mortality relation: empirical evidence from 15 studies Am J Epidemiol 1999 150: 1297–1308.
  Article Google Scholar
• Goldstein DJ . Beneficial effects of modest weight loss Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992 16: 397–415.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCarter RJ . Role of caloric restriction in the prolongation of life Clin Geriatr Med 1995 11: 553–565.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Faith MS, Heo M, Kotler DP . Hypothesis concerning the U-shaped relation between body mass index and mortality Am J Epidemiol 1997 146: 339–349.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Comstock GW, Kendrick MA, Livesay VT . Subcutaneous fatness and mortality Am J Epidemiol 1966 83: 548–563.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, Brozek J, Anderson T, Simonson E . Mortality and coronary heart disease among men studied for 23 y Arch Intern Med 1971 128: 201–214.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Menotti A, Descovich GC, Lanti M, Spagnolo A, Dormi A, Seccareccia F . Indexes of obesity and all-causes mortality in Italian epidemiological data Prev Med 1993 22: 293–303.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Blair SN, Brodney S . Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 31(Suppl): 646–662.
  Article Google Scholar
• Kalmijn S, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Yano K, Abbott RD . The association of body weight and anthropometry with mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999 23: 395–402.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heitmann BL, Erikson H, Ellsinger BM, Mikkelsen KL, Larsson B . Mortality associated with body fat, fat-free mass and body mass index among 60-year-old Swedish men—a 22-year follow-up. The study of men born in 1913 Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 24: 33–37.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS . Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men Am J Clin Nutr 1999 69: 373–380.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Goran MI, Allison DB, Poehlman ET . Issues relating to normalization of body fat content in men and women Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 19: 638–643.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vague J . Les Obesities Etude Biometrique Biol Med 1947 36: 1.
  Google Scholar
• Tuljapurkar S, Li N, Boe C . A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries Nature 2000 405: 789–792.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cornoni-Huntley J, Harris T, Everett D, Albanes D, Micozzi MS, Miles TP, Feldman JJ . An overview of body weight of older persons, including the impact on mortality. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I—Epidemiologic Follow-up Study J Clin Epidemiol 1991 44: 743–753.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Freedman D, Williamson D, Croft J, Byers T . Relation of body fat distribution to ischemic heart disease. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Am J Epidemiol 1995 142: 53–63.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services NCHS . Plan and operation of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1976–1980. Vital and Health Statistics Series 1, Vol 15 DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-1317 US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC 1981.
• Department of Health and Human Services NCHS . Plan and operation of the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study, 1987. Vital and Health Statistics Series 1, Vol 27, DHHS publication no. (PHS) 92–1303 National Center for Health Statistics, 1992.
• Allison DB, Heo M, Flanders DW, Faith MS, Williamson DF . Examination of ‘early mortality exclusion’ as an approach to control for confounding by occult disease in epidemiologic studies of mortality risk factors Am J Epidemiol 1997 146: 672–680.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Faith MS, Heo M, Townsend-Butterworth D, Wiliamson DF . Meta-analysis of the effect of excluding early deaths on the estimated relationship between body mass index and mortality Obes Res 1999 7: 342–354.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Heo M, Flanders DW, Faith MS, Carpenter KM, Williamson DF . Simulation study of the effects of excluding early deaths on risk factor–mortality analyses in the presence of confounding due to occult disease: the example of body mass index Ann Epidemiol 1999 9: 132–142.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Zannolli R, Faith MS, Heo M, Pietrobelli A, Vanltallie TB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB . Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rate: results from two independent cohort studies Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999 23: 603–611.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute . Clinical guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report Obes Res 1998 6(Suppl 2): 51–209.
  Google Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Baumgartner RN, Ross R . Human body composition: advances in models and methods A Rev Nutr 1997 17: 527–558.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Heshka S, Pierson RN Jr . Assessment of human body composition. In: Allison DB (ed). Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight-related behaviors Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA 1995 515–560.
  Google Scholar
• Norton K . Anthropometric estimation of body fat. In: Norton K, Olds T (eds.) Anthropometrica Sydney: UNSW Press 1996 172–198.
  Google Scholar
• Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Despres JP, Bouchard C . Contribution of body fatness and adipose tissue distribution to the age variation in plasma steroid hormone concentrations in men: the Heritage Family Study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85: 1026–1031.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer FX . Medical hazards of obesity Ann Intern Med 1993 119: 655–660.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mitsiopoulos N, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lyons W, Gallagher D, Ross R . Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography J Appl Physiol 1998 85: 115–122.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar