Antianxiety and Antidepressive Behavior Produced by Physiological Estradiol Regimen may be Modulated by Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activity (original) (raw)

• Almeida OF, Canoine V, Ali S, Holsboer F, Patchev VK (1997). Activational effects of gonadal steroids on hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal regulation in the rat disclosed by response to dexamethasone suppression. J Neuroendocrinol 9: 129–134.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bale TL, Contarino A, Smith GW, Chan R, Gold LH, Sawchenko PE et al (2000). Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. Nat Genet 24: 410–414.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bale TL, Picetti R, Contarino A, Koob GF, Vale WW, Lee KF (2002). Mice deficient for both corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) and CRFR2 have an impaired stress response and display sexually dichotomous anxiety-like behavior. J Neurosci 22: 193–199.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bale TL, Vale WW (2003). Increased depression-like behaviors in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2-deficient mice: sexually dichotomous responses. J Neurosci 23: 5295–5301.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bebbington PE (1978). The epidemiology of depressive disorder. Cult Med Psychiatry 2: 297–341.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bernardi M, Vergoni AV, Sandrini M, Tagliovini SB (1989). Influence of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on the behavior of mice in an experimental model of depression. Physiol Behav 45: 1067–1068.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bjorn I, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Nyberg S, Backstrom G, Backstrom T (2003). Increase of estrogen dose deteriorates mood during progestin phase in sequential hormonal therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 2026–2030.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Bowman RE, Beck KD, Luine VN (2003). Chronic stress effects on memory: sex differences in performance and monoaminergic activity. Horm Behav 43: 48–59.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bowman RE, Ferguson D, Luine VN (2002). Effects of chronic restraint stress and estradiol on open field activity, spatial memory, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in ovariectomized rats. Neuroscience 113: 401–410.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bowman RE, Zrull MC, Luine VN (2001). Chronic restraint stress enhances radial arm maze performance in female rats. Brain Res 904: 279–289.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Burgess LH, Handa RJ (1992). Chronic estrogen-induced alterations in adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion, and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated functions in female rats. Endocrinology 131: 1261–1269.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Carey MP, Deterd CH, de Koning J, Helmerhorst F, de Kloet ER (1995). The influence of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal regulation in the female rat. J Endocrinol 144: 311–321.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cheng YJ, Karavolas HJ (1973). Conversion of progesterone to 5_α_-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3_α_-hydroxy-5_α_-pregnan-20-one by rat medical basal hypothalami and the effects of estradiol and stage of estrous cycle on the conversion. Endocrinology 93: 1157–1162.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Soares CN, Poitras JR, Prouty J, Alexander AB, Shifren JL (2003). Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1519–1522.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Colvin GB, Sawyer CH (1969). Induction of running activity by intracerebral implants of estrogen in overiectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 4: 309–320.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Conrad CD, Lupien SJ, Thanasoulis LC, McEwen BS (1997). The effects of type I and type II corticosteroid receptor agonists on exploratory behavior and spatial memory in the Y-maze. Brain Res 759: 76–83.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dayas CV, Xu Y, Buller KM, Day TA (2000). Effects of chronic oestrogen replacement on stress-induced activation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis control pathways. J Neuroendocrinol 12: 784–794.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Diaz-Veliz G, Alarcon T, Espinoza C, Dussaubat N, Mora S (1997). Ketanserin and anxiety levels: influence of gender, estrous cycle, ovariectomy and ovarian hormones in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58: 637–642.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Diaz-Veliz G, Butron S, Benavides MS, Dussaubat N, Mora S (2000). Gender, estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and ovarian hormones influence the effects of diazepam on avoidance conditioning in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66: 887–892.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Earls F (1987). Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: origins and developmental influences. Psychiatr Dev 5: 1–23.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Estrada-Camarena E, Fernandez-Guasti A, Lopez-Rubalcava C (2003). Antidepressant-like effect of different estrogenic compounds in the forced swimming test. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 830–838.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Figueiredo HF, Dolgas CM, Herman JP (2002). Stress activation of cortex and hippocampus is modulated by sex and stage of estrus. Endocrinology 143: 2534–2540.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Figueiredo HF, Dolgas CM, Herman JP (2003). Dissociation of ACTH and corticosterone responses to stress in female rats treated with estrogen. Horm Behav 44: 48–49.
  Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Bayon LE (1999). Mating stimuli influence endogenous variations in the neurosteroids 3_α_, 5_α_-THP and 3_α_-Diol. Neuroendocinology 11: 839–847.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Bayon LE, Pursnani NK, Purdy RH (1998). The neurosteroids, progesterone and 3_α_,5_α_-THP, enhance sexual motivation, receptivity, and proceptivity in female rats. Brain Res 808: 72–83.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Duncan JE (1996). Estradiol benzoate potentiates neuroactive steroids' effects on pain sensitivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53: 27–32.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, McCormick CM, Coopersmith C, Erskine MS (1996). Effects of paced and non-paced mating stimulation on plasma progesterone, 3_α_-diol and corticosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21: 431–439.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Orecki ZA (2002a). Prenatal stress produces deficits in socio-sexual behavior of cycling, but not hormone-primed, Long–Evans rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73: 53–60.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Orecki ZA (2002b). Prenatal stress alters reproductive responses of rats in behavioral estrus and paced mating of hormone-primed rats. Horm Behav 42: 472–483.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Petralia SM, Rhodes ME (2000). Estrous cycle and sex differences in performance on anxiety tasks coincide with increases in hippocampal progesterone and 3_α_,5_α_-THP. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67: 587–596.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Walf AA (2002). Changes in progesterone metabolites in the hippocampus can modulate open field and forced swim test behavior of proestrous rats. Horm Behav 41: 306–315.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Walf AA (2004a). Estrogen and/or progesterone systemically or to the amygdala can have anxiety, fear, and pain reducing effects in ovariectomized rats. Behav Neurosci 118: 306–313.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Walf AA (2004b). Hippocampal 3_α_,5_α_-THP may alter depressive behavior of pregnant and lactating rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 78: 531–540.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Walf AA, Rhodes ME, Harney JP (2004). Progesterone enhances motor, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antidepressive behavior of wild-type mice, but not those deficient in type 1 5_α_-reductase. Brain Res 1004: 116–124.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye CA, Wawrzycki J (2003). Effect of prenatal stress and gonadal hormone condition on depressive behaviors of female and male rats. Horm Behav 44: 319–326.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Galea LA, Lee TT, Kostaras X, Sidhu JA, Barr AM (2002). High levels of estradiol impair spatial performance in the Morris water maze and increase ‘depressive-like’ behaviors in the female meadow vole. Physiol Behav 77: 217–225.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Galea LA, Wide JK, Barr AM (2001). Estradiol alleviates depressive-like symptoms in a novel animal model of post-partum depression. Behav Brain Res 122: 1–9.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Glavas MM, Hofmann CE, Yu WK, Weinberg J (2001). Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal regulation after adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25: 890–897.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Halbreich U (1997). Hormonal interventions with psychopharmacological potential: an overview. Psychopharmacol Bull 33: 281–286.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Herman JP, Figueiredo H, Mueller NK, Ulrich-Lai Y, Ostrander MM, Choi DC et al (2003). Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front Neuroendocrinol 24: 151–180.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hilakivi-Clarke L (1996). Role of estradiol in alcohol intake and alcohol-related behaviors. J Stud Alcohol 57: 162–170.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jenkins R (1987). Sex differences in depression. Br J Hosp Med 38: 485–486.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Walters EE (1998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey. Depress Anxiety 7: 3–14.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kitay JL (1963). Pituitary adrenal function in the rat after gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement. Endocrinology 73: 2253–2260.
  Google Scholar
• Landgraf R, Wigger A, Holsboer F, Neumann ID (1999). Hyper-reactive hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in rats bred for high anxiety-related behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 11: 405–407.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1998). Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev 18: 765–794.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Luine VN, Richards ST, Wu VY, Beck KD (1998). Estradiol enhances learning and memory in a spatial memory task and effects levels of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Horm Behav 34: 149–162.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maccari S, Darnaudery M, Morley-Fletcher S, Zuena AR, Cinque C, Van Reeth O (2003). Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27: 119–127.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marcondes FK, Miguel KJ, Melo LL, Spadari-Bratfisch RC (2001). Estrous cycle influences the response of female rats in the elevated plus-maze test. Physiol Behav 74: 435–440.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinez-Mota L, Estrada-Camarena E, Lopez-Rubalcava C, Contreras CM, Fernandez-Guasti A (2000). Interaction of desipramine with steroid hormones on experimental anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25: 109–120.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCarthy MM, Felzenberg E, Robbins A, Pfaff DW, Schwartz-Giblin S (1995). Infusions of diazepam and allopregnanolone into the midbrain central gray facilitate open-field behavior and sexual receptivity in female rats. Horm Behav 29: 279–295.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCormick CM, Linkroum W, Sallinen BJ, Miller NW (2002). Peripheral and central sex steroids have differential effects on the HPA axis of male and female rats. Stress 5: 235–247.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCormick CM, Rioux T, Fisher R, Lang K, MacLaury K, Teillon SM (2001). Effects of neonatal corticosterone treatment on maze performance and HPA axis in juvenile rats. Physiol Behav 74: 371–379.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller KJ, Conney JC, Rasgon NL, Fairbanks LA, Small GW (2002). Mood symptoms and cognitive performance in women estrogen users and nonusers and men. J Am Geriatr Soc 50: 1826–1830.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Mora S, Dussaubat N, Diaz-Veliz G (1996). Effects of the estrous cycle and ovarian hormones on behavioral indices of anxiety in female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21: 609–620.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morgan MA, Pfaff DW (2001). Effects of estrogen on activity and fear-related behaviors in mice. Horm Behav 40: 472–482.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morgan MA, Pfaff DW (2002). Estrogen's effects on activity, anxiety, and fear in two mouse strains. Behav Brain Res 132: 85–93.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morrison MF, Kallan MJ, Ten Have T, Katz I, Tweedy K, Battistini M (2004). Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 55: 406–412.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychol Bull 101: 259–282.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nomikos GG, Spyraki C (1988). Influence of oestrogen on spontaneous and diazepam-induced exploration of rats in an elevated plus maze. Neuropharmacology 27: 691–696.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Okada M, Hayashi N, Kometani M, Nakao K, Inukai T (1997). Influences of ovariectomy and continuous replacement of 17_β_-estradiol on the tail skin temperature and behavior in the forced swimming test in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 73: 93–96.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Patchev VK, Almeida OF (1996). Gonadal steroids exert facilitating and ‘buffering’ effects on glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and corticosteroid receptor genes in rat brain. J Neurosci 16: 7077–7084.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Patchev VK, Hayashi S, Orikasa C, Almeida OF (1995). Implications of estrogen-dependent brain organization for gender differences in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal regulation. FASEB J 9: 419–423.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pellow S, File SE (1986). Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects on exploratory activity in an elevated plus-maze as measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14: 149–167.
  Google Scholar
• Picazo O, Fernandez-Guasti A (1995). Anti-anxiety effects of progesterone and some of its reduced metabolites: an evaluation using the burying behavior test. Brain Res 680: 135–141.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Porsolt R, LePichon M, Jalfre M (1977). Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266: 730–732.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rachman IM, Unnerstall JR, Pfaff DW, Cohen RS (1998). Estrogen alters behavior and forebrain c-fos expression in ovariectomized rats subjected to the forced swim test. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13941–13946.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, Henderson VW, Brunner RL, Manson JE, et al, WHIMS Investigators (2003). Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289: 2663–2672.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Raps D, Barthe PL, Desaulles PA (1971). Plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels during the different phases of the sexual cycle in normal female rats. Experientia 27: 339–340.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Redei E, Li L, Halasz I, McGivern RF, Aird F (1994). Fast glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion in the ovariectomized rat: effect of chronic estrogen and progesterone. Neuroendocrinology 60: 113–123.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rhodes ME, Frye CA (2001). Inhibiting progesterone metabolism in the hippocampus of proestrous rats decreases anxiolytic, and enhances, exploration and analgesia. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 1: 287–296.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al, Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321–333.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA, Tobin MB, Roca CA, Murphy JH et al (2000). Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 414–420.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR (1998). Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med 338: 209–216.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmitz C, Rhodes ME, Bludau M, Kaplan S, Ong P, Ueffing I et al (2002). Depression: reduced number of granule cells in the hippocampus of female, but not male, rats due to prenatal restraint stress. Mol Psychiatry 7: 810–813.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Seeman MV (1997). Psychopathology in women and men: focus on female hormones. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1641–1647.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sherwin BB (1991). The impact of different doses of estrogen and progestin on mood and sexual behavior in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72: 336–343.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sherwin BB (1996). Hormones, mood, and cognitive functioning in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 87: 20S–26S.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shors TJ, Leuner B (2003). Estrogen-mediated effects on depression and memory formation in females. J Affect Disord 74: 85–96.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shors TJ, Lewczyk C, Pacynski M, Mathew PR, Pickett J (1998). Stages of estrous mediate the stress-induced impairment of associative learning in the female rat. NeuroReport 9: 419–423.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shors TJ, Pickett J, Wood G, Paczynski M (1999). Acute stress persistently enhances estrogen levels in the female rat. Stress 3: 163–171.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shumaker SA, Reboussin BA, Espeland MA, Rapp SR, McBee WL, Dailey M et al (1998). The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS): a trial of the effect of estrogen therapy in preventing and slowing the progression of dementia. Control Clin Trials 19: 604–621.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Slater J, Blizard DA (1976). A reevaluation of the relation between estrogen and emotionality in female rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 90: 755–764.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS (2001). Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 529–534.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stoffel EC, Craft RM (2003). The effects of postpartum hormone withdrawal on depression and anxiety indices in female rats. Program No. 664.10.2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience: Washington, DC. Online.
• Tomie A, Silberman Y, Williams K, Pohorecky LA (2002). Pavlovian autoshaping procedures increase plasma corticosterone levels in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72: 507–513.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Torizuka K, Mizowaki M, Hanawa T (2000). Menopause and anxiety: focus on steroidal hormones and GABAA receptor. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 115: 21–28.
  Google Scholar
• Viau V, Meaney MJ (1991). Variations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal response to stress during the estrous cycle in the rat. Endocrinology 129: 2503–2511.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vongher JM, Frye CA (1999). Progesterone in conjunction with estradiol has neuroprotective effects in an animal model of neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64: 777–785.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Walf AA, Rhodes ME, Frye CA (2004). Anti-depressant effects of ER_β_ selective estrogen receptor modulators in the forced swim test. Pharm Biochem Behav 78: 523–529.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Walf AW, Frye CA (2003). Anti-nociception following exposure to trimethylthiazoline, peripheral or intra-amygdala estrogen and/or progesterone. Behav Brain Res 144: 77–85.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weinstock M (2001). Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Prog Neurobiol 65: 427–451.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Klerman GL (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 98–111.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Olfson M (1995). Depression in women: implications for health care research. Science 269: 799–801.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Welberg LA, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2000). Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the foeto-placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids, permanently programs amygdala GR mRNA expression and anxiety-like behaviour in the offspring. Eur J Neurosci 12: 1047–1054.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Hoyer J (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course. J Clin Psychiatry 62: 15–19.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Wood GE, Beylin AV, Shors TJ (2001). The contribution of adrenal and reproductive hormones to the opposing effects of stress on trace conditioning in males versus females. Behav Neurosci 115: 175–187.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wood GE, Shors TJ (1998). Stress facilitates classical conditioning in males, but impairs classical conditioning in females through activational effects of ovarian hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4066–4071.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Young EA (1998). Sex differences and the HPA axis: implications for psychiatric disease. J Gend Specif Med 1: 21–27.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Young EA, Altemus M, Parkison V, Shastry S (2001). Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25: 881–891.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Young EA, Korszun A (2002). The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in mood disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31: 63–78.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Young EA, Midgley AR, Carlson NE, Brown MB (2000). Alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in depressed women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 1157–1162.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar