Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage (original) (raw)

References

  1. Schelhaas, M-J., Nabuurs, G. & Schuck, A. Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 1620–1633 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  2. Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M-J. & Lexer, M. J. Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 2842–2852 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Kurz, W. A. et al. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature 452, 987–990 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Le Page, Y. et al. Sensitivity of climate mitigation strategies to natural disturbances. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 015018 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  5. Nabuurs, G-J. et al. First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass. Nature Clim. Change 3, 792–796 (2013).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Franklin, J. F. et al. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecol. Manag. 155, 399–423 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar
  7. Gutschick, V. P. & BassiriRad, H. Extreme events as shaping physiology, ecology, and evolution of plants: Toward a unified definition and evaluation of their consequences. New Phytol. 160, 21–42 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  8. Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R. & Swetnam, T. W. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313, 940–943 (2006).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Soja, A. J. et al. Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations. Glob. Planet. Change 56, 274–296 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Raffa, K. et al. Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: The dynamics of bark beetle eruptions. Bioscience 58, 501–518 (2008).
    Article Google Scholar
  11. Lausch, A., Heurich, M. & Fahse, L. Spatio-temporal infestation patterns of Ips typographus (L.) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Ecol. Indic. 31, 73–81 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  12. Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M-J., Lindner, M. & Lexer, M. J. Modelling bark beetle disturbances in a large scale forest scenario model to assess climate change impacts and evaluate adaptive management strategies. Reg. Environ. Change 9, 101–119 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
  13. Westerling, A. L., Turner, M. G., Smithwick, E. A. H., Romme, W. H. & Ryan, M. G. Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 13165–13170 (2011).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Lindner, M. et al. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecol. Manag. 259, 698–709 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
  15. Stephens, S. L. et al. Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342, 41–42 (2013).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Körner, C. Slow in, rapid out–carbon flux studies and Kyoto targets. Science 300, 1242–1243 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  17. UNECE, & FAO, The European Forest Sector Outlook Study II 2010–2030 107 (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2011).
  18. Weng, E. et al. Ecosystem carbon storage capacity as affected by disturbance regimes: A general theoretical model. J. Geophys. Res. 117, G03014 (2012).
    Google Scholar
  19. Lindroth, A. et al. Storms can cause Europe-wide reduction in forest carbon sink. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 346–355 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
  20. Seidl, R., Rammer, W., Jäger, D. & Lexer, M. J. Impact of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) disturbance on timber production and carbon sequestration in different management strategies under climate change. Forest Ecol. Manag. 256, 209–220 (2008).
    Article Google Scholar
  21. Vilén, T. & Fernandes, P. M. Forest fires in Mediterranean countries: CO2 emissions and mitigation possibilities through prescribed burning. Environ. Manag. 48, 558–567 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  22. Metsaranta, J. M., Dymond, C. C., Kurz, W. A. & Spittlehouse, D. L. Uncertainty of 21st century growing stocks and GHG balance of forests in British Columbia, Canada resulting from potential climate change impacts on ecosystem processes. Forest Ecol. Manag. 262, 827–837 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  23. Seidl, R. et al. Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: A review. Ecol. Model. 222, 903–924 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  24. Temperli, C., Bugmann, H. & Elkin, C. Cross-scale interactions among bark beetles, climate change, and wind disturbances: A landscape modeling approach. Ecol. Monogr. 83, 383–402 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  25. Gardiner, B. et al. Destructive Storms in European Forests: Past and Forthcoming Impacts 138 (EFIATLANTIC, European Forest Institute, 2010).
    Google Scholar
  26. Hanewinkel, M., Cullmann, D. A., Schelhaas, M-J., Nabuurs, G-J. & Zimmermann, N. E. Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land. Nature Clim. Change 3, 203–207 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  27. Mikkelson, K. M., Dickenson, E. R. V., Maxwell, R. M., McCray, J. E. & Sharp, J. O. Water-quality impacts from climate-induced forest die-off. Nature Clim. Change 3, 218–222 (2013).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Verkerk, P. J., Anttila, P., Eggers, J., Lindner, M. & Asikainen, A. The realisable potential supply of woody biomass from forests in the European Union. Forest Ecol. Manag. 261, 2007–2015 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  29. Database on Forest Disturbances in Europe (DFDE) (European Forest Institute, 2013); http://www.efi.int/databases/dfde
  30. Reyer, C. et al. Projections of regional changes in forest net primary productivity for different tree species in Europe driven by climate change and carbon dioxide. Ann. Forest Sci. 71, 211–225 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar

Download references