Three decades of global methane sources and sinks (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

This paper is the result of an international collaboration of scientists organized by the Global Carbon Project, a joint project of the Earth System Science Partnership. This work was supported by: the UK NERC National Centre for Earth Observation; the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) projects MACC (grant agreement no. 218793) and GEOCARBON (grant agreement no. 283080); contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 with different parts supported by the US DOE IMPACTS and SciDAC Climate Consortium projects; computing resources of NERSC, which is supported by the US DOE under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231; NOAA flask data for CH3CCl3 (made available by S. Montzka); the Australian Climate Change Science Program, and ERC grant 247349. Simulations from LSCE were performed using HPC resources from DSM-CCRT and CCRT/CINES/IDRIS under the allocation 2012-t2012012201 made by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif). We thank the EDGAR group at JRC (Italy) and US-EPA for providing estimates of anthropogenic emissions.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. LSCE-CEA-UVSQ-CNRS, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
   Stefanie Kirschke, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, Isabelle Pison, Benjamin Poulter, Martina Schmidt & Sophie Szopa
2. Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
   Josep G. Canadell
3. NOAA ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, 80305, Colorado, USA
   Edward J. Dlugokencky & Lori Bruhwiler
4. Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (Va), TP290, I-21027, Italy
   Peter Bergamaschi
5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, 94551-0808, California, USA
   Daniel Bergmann & Philip Cameron-Smith
6. University of California Irvine, 570 Rowland Hall, Irvine, 92697, California, USA
   Donald R. Blake & Isobel J. Simpson
7. Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, 81100, Italy
   Simona Castaldi
8. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), via Augusto Imperatore 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy
   Simona Castaldi & Monia Santini
9. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
   Liang Feng, Annemarie Fraser & Paul I. Palmer
10. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, PF 100164, Jena, D-07701, Germany
    Martin Heimann
11. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Mensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
    Elke L. Hodson
12. SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, CA Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands
    Sander Houweling
13. Institue for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 2, CA Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands
    Sander Houweling & Bruno Ringeval
14. Météo France, CNRM/GMGEC/CARMA, 42 av G. Coriolis, Toulouse, 31057, France
    Béatrice Josse
15. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research/CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195, Australia
    Paul J. Fraser, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds & L. Paul Steele
16. NCAR, PO Box 3000, Boulder, 80307-3000, Colorado, USA
    Jean-François Lamarque
17. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
    Corinne Le Quéré
18. UCAR/NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Road, Princeton, 08540, New Jersey, USA
    Vaishali Naik
19. University of Bristol, Office Old Park Hill, Cantock's Close, Clifton, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
    Simon O'Doherty
20. Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment Canada, 550 Sherbrooke Street West, West Tower, Montréal, H3A 1B9, Quebec, Canada
    David Plummer
21. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 54-1312, Cambridge, 02139-2307, Massachusetts, USA
    Ronald G. Prinn
22. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
    Matt Rigby
23. IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3584 CC, The Netherlands
    Bruno Ringeval
24. Department of Systems Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
    Bruno Ringeval
25. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, 10025, New York, USA
    Drew T. Shindell & Apostolos Voulgarakis
26. University of Bern, Physics Institute, Climate and Environmental Physics, Sidlerstrasse 5, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
    Renato Spahni
27. NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, 20771, Maryland, USA
    Sarah A. Strode
28. Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, 20771, Maryland, USA
    Sarah A. Strode
29. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
    Kengo Sudo
30. VU University, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
    Guido R. van der Werf
31. Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
    Apostolos Voulgarakis
32. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), PO Box 201, De Bilt, 3730 AE, The Netherlands
    Michiel van Weele & Jason E. Williams
33. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, 92093-0244, California, USA
    Ray F. Weiss
34. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 50061, Omakau, 9352, Central Otago, New Zealand
    Guang Zeng

Authors

1. Stefanie Kirschke
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2. Philippe Bousquet
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3. Philippe Ciais
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4. Marielle Saunois
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5. Josep G. Canadell
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6. Edward J. Dlugokencky
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7. Peter Bergamaschi
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8. Daniel Bergmann
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9. Donald R. Blake
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10. Lori Bruhwiler
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11. Philip Cameron-Smith
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12. Simona Castaldi
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13. Frédéric Chevallier
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14. Liang Feng
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15. Annemarie Fraser
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16. Martin Heimann
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17. Elke L. Hodson
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18. Sander Houweling
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19. Béatrice Josse
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20. Paul J. Fraser
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21. Paul B. Krummel
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22. Jean-François Lamarque
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23. Ray L. Langenfelds
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24. Corinne Le Quéré
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25. Vaishali Naik
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26. Simon O'Doherty
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27. Paul I. Palmer
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28. Isabelle Pison
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29. David Plummer
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30. Benjamin Poulter
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31. Ronald G. Prinn
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32. Matt Rigby
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33. Bruno Ringeval
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34. Monia Santini
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35. Martina Schmidt
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36. Drew T. Shindell
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37. Isobel J. Simpson
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38. Renato Spahni
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39. L. Paul Steele
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40. Sarah A. Strode
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41. Kengo Sudo
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42. Sophie Szopa
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43. Guido R. van der Werf
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44. Apostolos Voulgarakis
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45. Michiel van Weele
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46. Ray F. Weiss
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47. Jason E. Williams
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48. Guang Zeng
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S.K., P. Bousquet, P.C., J.G.C. and C.L.Q. designed the study and provided conceptual advice. S.K., P. Bousquet and M. Saunois processed data sets, developed figures and wrote the manuscript. E.J.D., M. Schmidt, P.J.F., P.B.K., L.P.S., R.L.L., R.G.P., M.R., R.F.W., D.R.B. and I.J.S. provided atmospheric in situ data. P.Bousquet, P.Bergamaschi, L.B., F.C., L.F., A.F., S.H., P.I.P. and I.P. provided top-down inversion results (all five emission categories). S.C., E.L.H., B.P., B.R., M.Santini, R.S. and G.R.v.d.W provided bottom-up modelling and inventory data sets for wetland, biomass burning and termite emissions. D.B., P.C.-S., B.J., J.-F.L., V.N., D.P., D.T.S., S.A.S., K.S., S.S., A.V., M.v.W., J.E.W. and G.Z. provided bottom-up estimates of CH4 loss due to OH. All authors contributed extensively to the work presented in this paper, and to revisions of the manuscript.

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Correspondence toPhilippe Bousquet.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Kirschke, S., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P. et al. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks.Nature Geosci 6, 813–823 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1955

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• Received: 17 April 2012
• Accepted: 22 August 2013
• Published: 22 September 2013
• Issue Date: October 2013
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1955