Balding, D J, and Nichols, R A. 1994. DNA profile match probability calculation, how to allow for population stratification, relatedness, database selection and single bands. Forensic Sci Int, 64, 125–140. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Balding, D J, and Nichols, R A. 1995. A method for quantifying differentiation between populations at multi-allelic loci and its implications for investigating identity and paternity. Genetica, 96, 3–12. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Balding, D J, Greenhalgh, M, and Nichols, R A. 1996. Population genetics of STR loci in Caucasians. Int J Leg Med, 108, 300–305. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Barbujani, G, Nasidze, I S, and Whitehead, G N. 1994. Genetic diversity in the Caucasus. Hum Biol, 66, 639–668. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brookfield, J F Y. 1995. The effect of relatedness on likelihood ratios and the use of conservative estimates. Genetica, 96, 13–19. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Budowle, A, and Monson, K L. 1994. Greater differences in forensic DNA profile frequencies estimated from racial groups than from ethnic subgroups. Clin Chim Acta, 228, 3–18. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Budowle, B, Monson, K L, and Giusti, A M. 1994. A reassessment of frequency estimates of PVUII-generated VNTR profiles in a Finnish, an Italian, and a general US Caucasian database — no evidence of ethnic subgroups affecting forensic estimates. Am J Hum Genet, 55, 533–539. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Buffery, C, Burridge, F, Greenhalgh, M, Jones, S, and Willot, G. 1991. Allele frequency distributions of four variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci in the London area. Forensic Sci Int, 52, 53–64. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L L, Menozzi, P, and Piazza, A. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Google Scholar
Evett, I W. 1992. Evaluating DNA profiles in the case where the defence is ‘it was my brother’. J Forens Sci Soc, 32, 5–14. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Krane, D E, Allen, R W, Sawyer, S A, Petrov, D A, and Hartl, D L. 1992. Genetic differences at four DNA typing loci in Finnish, Italian, and mixed Caucasian populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, 10583–10587. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Metropolis, N, Rosenbluth, A W, Rosenbluth, M N, Teller, A H, and Teller, E. 1953. Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines. Chem Phys, 21, 1087–1092. CAS Google Scholar
National Research Council, 1996. The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington DC.
Nichols, R A, and Balding, D J. 1991. Effects of population structure on DNA fingerprint analysis in forensic science. Heredity, 66, 297–302. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rannala, B, and Hartigan, J A. 1996. Estimating gene flow in island populations. Genet Res, 67, 147–158. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sawyer, S A, Podleski, A, Krane, D E, and Hartl, D L. 1996. DNA fingerprinting loci do show population differences. Am J Hum Genet, 59, 272–274. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Slatkin, M, and Barton, N H. 1989. A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow. Evolution, 43, 1349–1368. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Smith, A F M, and Roberts, G O. 1993. Bayesian computation via the Gibbs sampler and related Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. J R Statist SocB, 55, 3–24. Google Scholar
Takahata, N. 1983. Gene identity and genetic differentiation of popluations in the finite island model. Genetics, 104, 497–512. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Thompson, W C. 1995. Subjective interpretation, laboratory error and the value of forensic DNA evidence: three case-studies. Genetica, 96, 153–168. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weir, A S. 1994. The effect of inbreeding on forensic calculations. Ann Rev Genet, 28, 597–621. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar