Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species (original) (raw)

References

  1. MacArthur, R. H. Fluctuations of animal populations, and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36, 533–536 (1955)
    Article Google Scholar
  2. Elton, C. S. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Chapman & Hall, 1958)
    Book Google Scholar
  3. Hooper, D. U. et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr. 75, 3–35 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
  4. Chapin, F. S. et al. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405, 234–242 (2000)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Duffy, J. E. Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ 7, 437–444 (2009)
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Tilman, D. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77, 350–363 (1996)
    Article Google Scholar
  7. Figge, F. Bio-folio: applying portfolio theory to biodiversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 13, 827–849 (2004)
    Article Google Scholar
  8. Markowitz, H. Portfolio selection. J. Finance 7, 77–91 (1952)
    Google Scholar
  9. Luck, G. W., Daily, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. Population diversity and ecosystem services. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 331–336 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Hughes, J. B., Daily, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. Population diversity: its extent and extinction. Science 278, 689–692 (1997)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  11. Hilborn, R., Quinn, T. P., Schindler, D. E. & Rogers, D. E. Biocomplexity and fisheries sustainability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6564–6568 (2003)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  12. Hutchinson, W. F. The dangers of ignoring stock complexity in fishery management: the case of the North Sea cod. Biol. Lett. 4, 693–695 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
  13. Quinn, T. P. The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout (Univ. Washington Press, 2005)
    Google Scholar
  14. Doak, D. F. et al. The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology. Am. Nat. 151, 264–276 (1998)
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  15. Mantua, N. J. & Hare, S. R. The Pacific decadal oscillation. J. Oceanogr. 58, 35–44 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  16. Schindler, D. E. et al. Climate change, ecosystem impacts, and management for Pacific salmon. Fisheries 33, 502–506 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
  17. Gende, S. M., Edwards, R. T., Willson, M. F. & Wipfli, M. S. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Bioscience 52, 917–928 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  18. Naiman, R. J., Bilby, R. E., Schindler, D. E. & Helfield, J. M. Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics of freshwater and riparian ecosystems. Ecosystems (NY, Print) 5, 399–417 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  19. Schindler, D. E., Leavitt, P. R., Brock, C. S., Johnson, S. P. & Quay, P. D. Marine-derived nutrients, commercial fisheries, and production of salmon and lake algae in Alaska. Ecology 86, 3225–3231 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
  20. Helfield, J. M. & Naiman, R. J. Keystone interactions: salmon and bear in riparian forests of Alaska. Ecosystems (NY, Print) 9, 167–180 (2006)
    Article Google Scholar
  21. Payne, L. X. & Moore, J. M. Mobile scavengers create hotspots of freshwater productivity. Oikos 115, 69–80 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Olsen, E. M. et al. Small-scale biocomplexity in coastal Atlantic cod supporting a Darwinian perspective on fisheries management. Evol. Appl. 1, 524–533 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
  23. Dixson, D. L. et al. Coral reef fish smell leaves to find island homes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 275, 2831–2839 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
  24. Rooker, J. R. et al. Natal homing and connectivity in Atlantic bluefin tuna populations. Science 322, 742–744 (2008)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  25. Gustafson, R. G. et al. Pacific salmon extinctions: quantifying lost and remaining diversity. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1009–1020 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
  26. Lindley, S. T. et al. What Caused the Sacramento River Fall Chinook Stock Collapse? Pre-publication report (Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2009); available at 〈http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/media/salmondeclinereport.pdf〉.
  27. Moore, J. W., McClure, M., Rogers, L. A. & Schindler, D. E. Synchronization and portfolio performance of threatened salmon. Conserv. Lett. 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00119.x. (in the press)
  28. Folke, C. et al. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35, 557–581 (2004)
    Article Google Scholar
  29. West, F. W. & Fair, L. F. Abundance, Age, Sex, and Size Statistics for Pacific Salmon in Bristol Bay, 2003. Fishery Data Series No. 06–47 (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 2006)
    Google Scholar
  30. Rogers, L. A. & Schindler, D. E. Asynchrony in population dynamics in sockeye salmon of southwest Alaska. Oikos 117, 1578–1586 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
  31. Pyper, B. J. & Peterman, R. M. Comparison of methods to account for autocorrelation in correlation analyses of fish data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55, 2127–2140 (1998)
    Article Google Scholar

Download references