Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants (original) (raw)

References

  1. Durrant, W.E. & Dong, X. Systemic acquired resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42, 185–209 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Vlot, A.C., Klessig, D.F. & Park, S.-W. Systemic acquired resistance: the elusive signal(s). Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 436–442 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Iriti, M. & Faoro, F. Review of innate and specific immunity in plants and animals. Mycopathologia 164, 57–64 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar
  4. Smith-Becker, J. et al. Accumulation of salicylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in phloem of cucumber during systemic acquired resistance is preceded by a transient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in petioles and stems. Plant Physiol. 116, 231–238 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Rasmussen, J.B., Hammerschmidt, R. & Zook, M.N. Systemic induction of salicylic acid accumulation in cucumber after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Plant Physiol. 97, 1342–1347 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Maldonado, A.M., Doerner, P., Dixon, R.A., Lamb, C.J. & Cameron, R.K. A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signaling in Arabidopsis. Nature 419, 399–403 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Vlot, A.C., Dempsey, D.A. & Klessig, D.F. Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 47, 177–206 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Park, S.-W., Kaimoyo, E., Kumar, D., Mosher, S. & Klessig, D. Methyl salicylate is a critical mobile signal for plant systemic acquired resistance. Science 318, 113–116 (2007).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Jung, H.W., Tschaplinkski, T.J., Wang, L., Glazebrook, J. & Greenberg, J.T. Priming in systemic plant immunity. Science 324, 89–91 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Truman, W.M., Bennett, M.H., Turnbull, C.G. & Grant, M.R. Arabidopsis auxin mutants are compromised in systemic acquired resistance and exhibit aberrant accumulation of various indolic compounds. Plant Physiol. 152, 1562–1573 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Truman, W., Bennett, M.H., Kubigsteltig, I., Turnbull, C. & Grant, M. Arabidopsis systemic immunity uses conserved defense signaling pathways and is mediated by jasmonates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 1075–1080 (2007).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Attaran, E., Zeier, T.E., Griebel, T. & Zeier, J. Methyl salicylate production and jasmonate signaling are not essential for systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 21, 954–971 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Xia, Y. et al. An intact cuticle in distal tissues is essential for the induction of systemic acquired resistance in plants. Cell Host Microbe 5, 151–165 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Xia, Y. et al. The glabra1 mutation affects cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes. Plant Physiol. 154, 833–846 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Nandi, A., Welti, R. & Shah, J. The Arabidopsis thaliana dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase gene SUPPRESSOR OF FATTY ACID DESATURASE DEFICIENCY1 is required for glycerolipid metabolism and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 16, 465–477 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Miquel, M., Cassagne, C. & Browse, J. A new class of Arabidopsis mutants with reduced hexadecatrienoic acid fatty acid levels. Plant Physiol. 117, 923–930 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Kachroo, A. et al. Oleic acid levels regulated by glycerolipid metabolism modulate defense gene expression in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5152–5157 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Lu, M., Tang, X. & Zhou, J.-M. Arabidopsis NHO1 is required for general resistance against Pseudomonas bacteria. Plant Cell 13, 437–447 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. Kang, L. et al. Interplay of the Arabidopsis nonhost resistance gene NHO1 with bacterial virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3915–3924 (2003).
    Google Scholar
  20. Kachroo, P., Venugopal, S.C., Navarre, D.A., Lapchyk, L. & Kachroo, A. Role of salicylic acid and fatty acid desaturation pathways in _ssi2_-mediated signaling. Plant Physiol. 139, 1717–1735 (2005).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Chaturvedi, R. et al. Plastid omega-3-fatty acid desaturase-dependent accumulation of systemic acquired resistance inducing activity in petiole exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of jasmonic acid. Plant J. 54, 106–117 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Wei, Y., Periappuram, C., Datla, R., Selvaraj, G. & Zou, J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a plastidic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39, 841–848 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Shen, W., Wei, Y., Dauk, M., Zheng, Z. & Zou, J. Identification of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in plants. FEBS Lett. 536, 92–96 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Shen, W. et al. Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18, 422–441 (2006).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Quettier, A.-L., Shaw, E. & Eastmond, P.J. SUGAR-DEPENDENT6 encodes a mitochondrial flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glycerol-3-P dehdrogenase, which is required for glycerol catabolism and postgerminative seedling growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 148, 519–528 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Fillinger, S. et al. Molecular and physiological characterization of the NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the filamentous fungus Aspergilllus nidulans. Mol. Microbiol. 39, 145–157 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Venugopal, S.C., Chanda, B., Vaillancourt, L., Kachroo, A. & Kachroo, P. The common metabolite glycerol-3-phosphate is a novel regulator of defense signaling. Plant Signal. Behav. 4, 746–749 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Vlot, A.C. et al. Identification of likely orthologs of tobacco salicylic acid binding protein 2 and their role in systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 56, 445–456 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  29. Liu, P.-P., Yang, Y., Pichersky, E. & Klessig, D.F. Altering expression of Benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase 1 compromises systemic acquired resistance and PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 23, 82–90 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Wildermuth, M.C., Dewdney, J., Wu, G. & Ausubel, F.M. Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence. Nature 414, 562–565 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  31. Lascombe, M.-B. et al. The structure of “defective in induced resistance” protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, DIR1, reveals a new type of lipid transfer protein. Protein Sci. 17, 1522–1530 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Robert, H.S. & Friml, J. Auxin and other signals on the move in plants. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5, 325–332 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Chanda, B. et al. Glycerol-3-phosphate levels are associated with basal resistance to the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 147, 2017–2029 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  34. Argast, M. & Boos, W. Purification and properties of the _sn_-glycerol 3-phosphate-binding protein of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 10931–10935 (1979).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  35. Chandra-Shekara, A.C. et al. Light-dependent hypersensitive response and resistance signaling to turnip crinkle virus in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 45, 320–334 (2006).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  36. Selote, D. & Kachroo, A. RPG1-B-derived resistance to _AvrB_-expressing Pseudomonas syringae requires RIN4-like proteins in soybean. Plant Physiol. 153, 1199–1211 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  37. Martin, K. et al. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana fluorescent marker lines provides enhanced definition of protein localization, movement and interactions in planta. Plant J. 59, 150–162 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references