The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlate with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes (original) (raw)
Atkinson, M.A. & Maclaren, N.K. The pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl. J. Med.331, 1428–1436 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Pietropaolo, M. et al. Islet cell autoantigen 69 kDa (ICA69): molecular cloning and characterization of a novel diabetes associated autoantigen. J. Clin. Invest.92, 359–371 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Rabin, D.U. et al. Islet cell antigen 512 is a diabetes-specific islet autoantigen related to protein tyrosine phosphatases. J. Immunol.152, 3183–3188 (1994). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bell, G.I. Horita, S. & Karam, J.H. A polymorphic locus near the human insulin gene is associated with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes33, 176–183 (1984). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Julier, C. et al. Insulin-IGF2 region encodes a gene implicated in HLA-DR4-dependent diabetes susceptibility. Nature354, 155–159 (1991). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lucassen, A. et al. Susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus maps to a 4.1-kb segment of DNA spanning the insulin gene and associated VNTR. Nature Genet.4, 305–310 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Owerbach, D. & Gabbay, K.H. Localization of a Type I diabetes susceptibility locus to the variable tandem repeat region flanking the insulin gene. Diabetes42, 1708–1714 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bennett, S.T. et al. Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus. Nature Genet.9, 284–292 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Undlien, D.E. et al. Insulin gene region-encoded susceptibility to IDDM maps upstream of the insulin gene. Diabetes44, 620–625 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bennett, S.T. et al. IDDM2-VNTR-encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: dominant protection and parental transmission of alleles of the insulin gene-linked minisatellite locus. J. Autoimmun.9, 415–421 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vafiadis, P. et al. Imprinted and genotype-specific expression of genes at the IDDM2 locus in pancreas and leucocytes. J. Autoimmun.9, 397–403 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Catignani Kennedy, G. German, M.S. & Rutter, W.J. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nature Genet.9, 293–298 (1995). Article Google Scholar
Lucassen, A.M. Screaton, G.R. Julier, C. Elliott, T.J. Lathrop, M. & Bell, J.I. Regulation of insulin gene expression by the IDDM associated, insulin locus haplotype. Hum. Mol. Genet.4, 501–506 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Owerbach, D. & Gabbay, K.H. The search for IDDM susceptibility genes. Diabetes45, 544–551 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Pugliese, A. Awdeh, Z.L. Alper, C.A. Jackson, R.A. & Eisenbarth, G.S. The paternally inherited insulin gene B allele (1,428 Fokl site) confers protection from insulin-dependent diabetes in families. J. Autoimmun.7, 687–694 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bell, G.I. Selby, M.J. & Rutter, W.J. The highly polymorphic region near the insulin gene is composed of simple tandemly repeating sequences. Nature295, 31–35 (1982). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Jolicouer, C. Hanahan, D. & Smith, K.M. T-cell tolerance toward a transgenic betacell antigen and transcription of endogenous pancreatic genes in thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91, 6707–6711 (1994). Article Google Scholar
Oehen, S.U. et al. Escape of thymocytes and mature T cells from clonal deletion due to limiting tolerogen expression levels. Cell. Immunol.158, 342–352 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sebzda, E. et al. Positive and negative thymocyte selection induced by different concentrations of a single peptide. Science263, 1615–1618 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kuglin, B. Gries, F.A. & Kolb, H. Evidence for IgG autoantibodies against human proinsulin in patients with IDDM before insulin treatment. Diabetes37, 130–132 (1988). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Castano, L. Ziegler, A. Ziegler, R. Shoelson, S. & Eisenbarth, G.S. Characterization of insulin autoantibodies in relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes42, 1202–1209 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Griffin, A.C. Zhao, W. Wegmann, K.W. & Hickey, W.F. Experimental autoimmune insulitis. Induction by T lymphocytes specific for a peptide of proinsulin. Am. J. Path.147, 845–857 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Keilacker, H. Rjasanowski, I. Besch, W. & Kohnert, K.D. Autoantibodies to insulin and to proinsulin in type 1 diabetic patients and in at-risk probands differentiate only little between both antigens. Hormone Metab. Res.27, 90–94 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
French, M.B. et al. Transgenic expression of mouse proinsulin II prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes46, 34–39 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vafiadis, P. et al. Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alles at the IDDM2 locus. Nature Genet.15, 289–292 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bennett, S.T. & Todd, J.A. Human type 1 diabetes and the insulin gene: Principles of mapping polygenes. Ann. Rev. Genet.30, 343–370 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Polychronakos, C. Kukuvitis, A. Giannoukakis, N. & Colle, E. Parental imprinting effect at the INS-IGF2 diabetes susceptibility locus. Diabetologia38, 715–719 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bui, M.M. et al. Paternally transmitted IDDM2 influences diabetes susceptibility despite biallelic expression of the insulin gene in human pancreas. J. Autoimmun.9, 97–103 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vu, T.H. Hoffman, A.R. Promoter-specific imprinting of the human insulin-like growth factor-II gene. Nature371, 714–717 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Xu, Y. Goodyear, C.G. Deal, C. & Polychronakos, C. Functional polymorphism in the parental imprinting of the human IGF2R gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.197, 747–754 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Mally, M.J. Cirulli, V. Hayek, A. Otonkoski, T. ICA69 is expressed equally in the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Diabetologia39, 474–480 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lan, M.S. Goto, J.L. Notkins, A.L. Molecular cloning and identification of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2, from human insulinoma. DNA Cell Biol.13, 505–514 (1994). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Devaskar, S.U. Singh, B.S. Carnaghi, L.R. Rajakumar, P.A. Giddings & S.J. Insulin II gene expression in rat central nervous system. Reg. Peptides48, 55–63 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar