Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

The annual update and analyses of the global carbon budget are a collaborative effort of the Global Carbon Project, a joint project of the Earth System Science Partnership, contributed to by an international consortium of scientists. We thank C. Rödenbeck, A. Mouchet, R. Keeling and N. Gruber for comments on this manuscript, and C. Enright and E. T. Buitenhuis for modelling support. Many of the observations and modelling analyses were supported by funding agencies in the European Union (CARBOOCEAN and the Natural Environment Research Council's QUEST programme), the United States (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Office of Science of the Department of Energy), Australia and Brazil.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
    Corinne Le Quéré & Ute Schuster
  2. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, BC3 0ET, UK
    Corinne Le Quéré
  3. Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Canberra, Australia
    Michael R. Raupach & Josep G. Canadell
  4. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831-6335, Tennessee, USA
    Gregg Marland
  5. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 1572 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France
    Laurent Bopp, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein & Nicolas Viovy
  6. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, 80305, Colorado, USA
    Thomas J. Conway
  7. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 424, MS#25, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
    Scott C. Doney
  8. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, 98115, Washington, USA
    Richard A. Feely
  9. Department of Earth Sciences, QUEST, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
    Pru Foster, Pierre Friedlingstein, Joanna I. House & I. Colin Prentice
  10. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Indiana, 47907-2051, USA
    Kevin Gurney
  11. Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, 02540, Massachusetts, USA
    Richard A. Houghton
  12. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, OX10 8BB, Wallingford, UK
    Chris Huntingford
  13. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, EH26 0QB, Penicuik, UK
    Peter E. Levy
  14. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
    Mark R. Lomas & F. Ian Woodward
  15. AOS Program, Princeton University, PO Box CN710, Princeton, 08544, New Jersey, USA
    Joseph Majkut & Jorge L. Sarmiento
  16. LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 100, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 5, 75252, France
    Nicolas Metzl
  17. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos-SP, 12227-010, Brazil
    Jean P. Ometto
  18. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo, PO Box 1129 Blindern, Oslo, N-0318, Norway
    Glen P. Peters
  19. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 92697, California, USA
    James T. Randerson
  20. School of Forestry/Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, 59812, Montana, USA
    Steven W. Running
  21. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
    Stephen Sitch
  22. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PO Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, 10964-8000, New York, USA
    Taro Takahashi
  23. Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Netherlands
    Guido R. van der Werf

Authors

  1. Corinne Le Quéré
  2. Michael R. Raupach
  3. Josep G. Canadell
  4. Gregg Marland
  5. Laurent Bopp
  6. Philippe Ciais
  7. Thomas J. Conway
  8. Scott C. Doney
  9. Richard A. Feely
  10. Pru Foster
  11. Pierre Friedlingstein
  12. Kevin Gurney
  13. Richard A. Houghton
  14. Joanna I. House
  15. Chris Huntingford
  16. Peter E. Levy
  17. Mark R. Lomas
  18. Joseph Majkut
  19. Nicolas Metzl
  20. Jean P. Ometto
  21. Glen P. Peters
  22. I. Colin Prentice
  23. James T. Randerson
  24. Steven W. Running
  25. Jorge L. Sarmiento
  26. Ute Schuster
  27. Stephen Sitch
  28. Taro Takahashi
  29. Nicolas Viovy
  30. Guido R. van der Werf
  31. F. Ian Woodward

Contributions

C.L.Q., M.R.R., J.G.C., G.M., R.A.H., P.C. and P. Friedlingstein conceived and designed the global CO2 budget. G.M. estimated the fossil fuel emissions and G.P.P. estimated the emissions from the production and international trade of goods and services. R.A.H., G.R.v.d.W. and J.T.R. estimated LUC emissions and were helped by J.G.C., J.P.O. and J.I.H. in their interpretation. S.S., N.V., P.C., P. Foster, P. Friedlingstein, C.H., P.E.L., M.R.L., F.I.W. and I.C.P. designed and performed the land model simulations and were helped by S.W.R. in their interpretation. C.L.Q., L.B., S.C.D., J.M. and J.L.S. designed and performed the ocean model simulations. R.A.F., N.M., U.S. and T.T. provided and analysed the ocean CO2 observations, and T.J.C. provided and analysed the atmospheric CO2 observations. K.G. provided updated atmospheric CO2 inversions. M.R.R. and C.L.Q. computed and analysed the trends in sources, sinks and airborne fraction. S.S., P. Friedlingstein and C.L.Q. analysed the residual with the help of all authors. All authors co-wrote the paper.

Corinne Le Quéré1, 2, Michael R. Raupach 3, Josep G. Canadell 3, Gregg Marland4, Laurent Bopp5, Philippe Ciais5, Thomas J. Conway6, Scott C. Doney7, Richard A. Feely8, Pru Foster9, Pierre Friedlingstein5, 9, Kevin Gurney10, Richard A. Houghton11, Joanna I. House9, Chris Huntingford12, Peter E. Levy13, Mark R. Lomas14, Joseph Majkut15, Nicolas Metzl16, Jean P. Ometto17, Glen P. Peters18, I. Colin Prentice9, James T. Randerson19, Steven W. Running20, Jorge L. Sarmiento15, Ute Schuster1, Stephen Sitch21, Taro Takahashi22, Nicolas Viovy5, Guido R. van der Werf23, F. Ian Woodward14

Corresponding author

Correspondence toCorinne Le Quéré.

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Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M., Canadell, J. et al. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide.Nature Geosci 2, 831–836 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo689

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