Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution (original) (raw)
Martinez, J. A. Body-weight regulation: causes of obesity. Proc. Nutr. Soc.59, 337–345 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Galgani, J. & Ravussin, E. Energy metabolism, fuel selection and body weight regulation. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)32, S109–S119 (2008). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ng, M. et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet384, 766–781 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Berrington de Gonzalez, A. et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med.363, 2211–2219 (2010). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. A. The obesity paradox in the US population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.97, 1195–1200 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K. & Graubard, B. I. Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality—reply. JAMA309, 1681–1682 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Marti, A. et al. Methodological approaches to assess body-weight regulation and aetiology of obesity. Proc. Nutr. Soc.59, 405–411 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ho, M. et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in child obesity: systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatrics130, e1647–e1671 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Astrup, A. & Brand-Miller, J. Have new guidelines overlooked the role of diet composition? Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.10, 132–133 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sparling, P. B., Franklin, B. A. & Hill, J. O. Energy balance: the key to a unified message on diet and physical activity. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev.33, 12–15 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Malik, V. S., Willett, W. C. & Hu, F. B. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.9, 13–27 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Galani, C. & Schneider, H. Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Public Health52, 348–359 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Abete, I., Goyenechea, E., Zulet, M. A. & Martinez, J. A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: potential benefit from specific nutritional components. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.21, B1–B15 (2011). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lepor, N. E., Fouchia, D. D. & McCullough, P. A. New vistas for the treatment of obesity: turning the tide against the leading cause of morbidity and cardiovascular mortality in the developed world. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med.14, 20–39 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
Heath, V. Benefits of intensive lifestyle modification programs in the spotlight. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.7, 1 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Purnell, J. Q. Calories or content: what is the best weight-loss diet? Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.5, 419–420 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Buchholz, A. C. & Schoeller, D. A. Is a calorie a calorie? Am. J. Clin. Nutr.79, 899S–906S (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Foreyt, J. P. et al. Weight-reducing diets: are there any differences? Nutr. Rev.67, S99–S101 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zulet, M. A. et al. The reduction of the metabolyc syndrome in Navarra-Spain (RESMENA-S) study: a multidisciplinary strategy based on chrononutrition and nutritional education, together with dietetic and psychological control. Nutr. Hosp.26, 16–26 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Spring, B. et al. Integrating technology into standard weight loss treatment: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Intern. Med.123, 105–111 (2013) Article Google Scholar
Abete, I., Astrup, A., Martinez, J. A., Thorsdottir, I. & Zulet, M. A. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. Nutr. Rev.68, 214–231 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Martinez, J. A., Enriquez, L., Moreno-Aliaga, M. J. & Marti, A. Genetics of obesity. Public Health Nutr.10, 1138–1144 (2007). Article Google Scholar
Abete, I., Navas-Carretero, S., Marti, A. & Martinez, J. A. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics of caloric restriction. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci.108, 323–346 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fenech, M. et al. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics: viewpoints on the current status and applications in nutrition research and practice. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics4, 69–89 (2011). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
de Roos, B. Personalised nutrition: ready for practice? Proc. Nutr. Soc.72, 48–52 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
De Caterina, R. Opportunities and challenges in nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics and health. World Rev. Nutr. Diet.101, 1–7 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Nieuwenhuizen, A., Tome, D., Soenen, S. & Westerterp, K. R. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu. Rev. Nutr.29, 21–41 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
de Souza, R. J., Swain, J. F., Appel, L. J. & Sacks, F. M. Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.88, 1–11 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Te Morenga, L., Mallard, S. & Mann, J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ346, e7492 (2013). Article Google Scholar
Hu, F. B. Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Obes. Rev.14, 606–619 (2013). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomas, D. E., Elliott, E. J. & Baur, L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., Issue 3. Art no.: CD005105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2 (2007).
Esfahani, A., Wong, J. M., Mirrahimi, A., Villa, C. R. & Kendall, C. W. The application of the glycemic index and glycemic load in weight loss: A review of the clinical evidence. IUBMB Life63, 7–13 (2011). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bravata, D. M. et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA289, 1837–1850 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Saris, W. H. et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. The Carbohydrate Ratio Management in European National diets. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.24, 1310–1318 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McMillan-Price, J. et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 1466–1475 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Das, S. K. et al. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.85, 1023–1030 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Abete, I., Parra, D. & Martinez, J. A. Energy-restricted diets based on a distinct food selection affecting the glycemic index induce different weight loss and oxidative response. Clin. Nutr.27, 545–551 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gardner, C. D. et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA297, 969–977 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hu, T. et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am. J. Epidemiol.176, S44–S54 (2012). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yancy, W. S. Jr, Olsen, M. K., Guyton, J. R., Bakst, R. P. & Westman, E. C. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med.140, 769–777 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hooper, L. et al. Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ345, e7666 (2012). ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Astrup, A., Grunwald, G. K., Melanson, E. L., Saris, W. H. & Hill, J. O. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.24, 1545–1552 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Handjieva-Darlenska, T. et al. Clinical correlates of weight loss and attrition during a 10-week dietary intervention study: results from the NUGENOB project. Obes. Facts5, 928–936 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Salas-Salvado, J. et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial. Arch. Intern. Med.168, 2449–2458 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ades, P. A. & Savage, P. D. Potential benefits of weight loss in coronary heart disease. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.56, 448–456 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Halton, T. L. & Hu, F. B. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.23, 373–385 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Larsen, T. M. et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N. Engl. J. Med.363, 2102–2113 (2010). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S., de Oliveira, S. L. & da Rocha Ataide, T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Nutr.110, 1178–1187 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Martinez, J. A. & Dolores Parra, M. Life-threatening complications of the Atkins diet? Lancet368, 23 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nordmann, A. J. et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 285–293 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ajala, O., English, P. & Pinkney, J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.97, 505–516 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M. & Brinkworth, G. D. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.96, 1281–1298 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clifton, P. M., Condo, D. & Keogh, J. B. Long term weight maintenance after advice to consume low carbohydrate, higher protein diets—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.24, 224–235 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sacks, F. M. et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N. Engl. J. Med.360, 859–873 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shai, I. et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 229–241 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Noto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T. & Noda, M. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE8, e55030 (2013). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L. & Hoffmann, G. Low-carbohydrate diets impair flow-mediated dilatation: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Nutr.110, 969–970 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pagoto, S. L. & Appelhans, B. M. A call for an end to the diet debates. JAMA310, 687–688 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Martinez, J. A. (Ed) Nutricion saludable frente a la Obesidad. Bases científicas y aspectos dietéticos [Spanish] (Editorial médica Panamericana, 2013).
Marti, A., Goyenechea, E. & Martinez, J. A. Nutrigenetics: a tool to provide personalized nutritional therapy to the obese. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics3, 157–169 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L. & Hoffmann, G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.23, 699–706 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L. & Hoffmann, G. Comparison of effects of long-term low-fat vs high-fat diets on blood lipid levels in overweight or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet.113, 1640–1661 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L. & Hoffmann, G. Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. J.12, 48 (2013). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Santos, F. L., Esteves, S. S., da Costa Pereira, A., Yancy, W. S. Jr & Nunes, J. P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes. Rev.13, 1048–1066 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Labayen, I., Diez, N., Gonzalez, A., Parra, D. & Martinez, J. A. Effects of protein vs. carbohydrate-rich diets on fuel utilisation in obese women during weight loss. Forum Nutr.56, 168–170 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Meckling, K. A. & Sherfey, R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.32, 743–752 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Swift, D. L., Johannsen, N. M., Lavie, C. J., Earnest, C. P. & Church, T. S. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.56, 441–447 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Johansson, K., Neovius, M. & Hemmingsson, E. Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.99, 14–23 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vanhees, L. et al. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in defining the benefits to cardiovascular health within the general population: recommendations from the EACPR (Part I). Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.19, 670–686 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vanhees, L. et al. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors: recommendations from the EACPR. Part II. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.19, 1005–1033 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vanhees, L. et al. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health in individuals with cardiovascular disease (Part III). Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.19, 1333–1356 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wing, R. R. et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.369, 145–154 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hollis, J. F. et al. Weight loss during the intensive intervention phase of the weight-loss maintenance trial. Am. J. Prev. Med.35, 118–126 (2008). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jensen, M. D. et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.63, 2985–3023 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rankinen, T. et al. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring)14, 529–644 (2006). Article Google Scholar
Bell, C. G., Walley, A. J. & Froguel, P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat. Rev. Genet.6, 221–234 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Montague, C. T. et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature387, 903–908 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clement, K. et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature392, 398–401 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vaisse, C., Clement, K., Guy-Grand, B. & Froguel, P. A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat. Genet.20, 113–114 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yeo, G. S. et al. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat. Genet.20, 111–112 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
El-Sayed Moustafa, J. S. & Froguel, P. From obesity genetics to the future of personalized obesity therapy. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.9, 402–413 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Subbiah, M. T. Nutrigenetics and nutraceuticals: the next wave riding on personalized medicine. Transl. Res.149, 55–61 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
San-Cristobal, R., Milagro, F. I. & Martinez, J. A. Future challenges and present ethical considerations in the use of personalized nutrition based on genetic advice. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet.113, 1447–1454 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kang, J. X. The coming of age of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics5, I-II (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Imai, K., Kricka, L. J. & Fortina, P. Concordance study of 3 direct-to-consumer genetic-testing services. Clin. Chem.57, 518–521 (2011). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Campion, J., Milagro, F. I. & Martinez, J. A. Genetic manipulation in nutrition, metabolism, and obesity research. Nutr. Rev.62, 321–330 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phillips, C. M. Nutrigenetics and metabolic disease: current status and implications for personalised nutrition. Nutrients5, 32–57 (2013). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lovegrove, J. A. & Gitau, R. Nutrigenetics and CVD: what does the future hold? Proc. Nutr. Soc.67, 206–213 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Santos, J. L., Marti, A. & Martinez, J. A. Does weight loss prognosis depend on genetic make-up? Obes. Rev.6, 155–168 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Qi, Q. et al. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ348, g1610 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. FTO genotype and 2-year change in body composition and fat distribution in response to weight-loss diets: the POUNDS LOST Trial. Diabetes61, 3005–3011 (2012). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Qi, Q., Bray, G. A., Hu, F. B., Sacks, F. M. & Qi, L. Weight-loss diets modify glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor rs2287019 genotype effects on changes in body weight, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.95, 506–513 (2012). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mattei, J., Qi, Q., Hu, F. B., Sacks, F. M. & Qi, L. TCF7L2 genetic variants modulate the effect of dietary fat intake on changes in body composition during a weight-loss intervention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.96, 1129–1136 (2012). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Grau, K. et al. TCF7L2 rs7903146-macronutrient interaction in obese individuals' responses to a 10-wk randomized hypoenergetic diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.91, 472–479 (2010). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Haupt, A. et al. Gene variants of TCF7L2 influence weight loss and body composition during lifestyle intervention in a population at risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes59, 747–750 (2010). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim, J. Y. & Lee, S. S. The effects of uncoupling protein 1 and β3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms on weight loss and lipid profiles in obese women. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.80, 87–96 (2010). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cameron, J. D. et al. The TaqIA RFLP is associated with attenuated intervention-induced body weight loss and increased carbohydrate intake in post-menopausal obese women. Appetite60, 111–116 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vakili, S. & Caudill, M. A. Personalized nutrition: nutritional genomics as a potential tool for targeted medical nutrition therapy. Nutr. Rev.65, 301–315 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Milagro, F. I., Mansego, M. L., De Miguel, C. & Martinez, J. A. Dietary factors, epigenetic modifications and obesity outcomes: progresses and perspectives. Mol. Aspects Med.34, 782–812 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Campion, J., Milagro, F. I. & Martinez, J. A. Individuality and epigenetics in obesity. Obes. Rev.10, 383–392 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Burdge, G. C., Hoile, S. P. & Lillycrop, K. A. Epigenetics: are there implications for personalised nutrition? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care15, 442–447 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Corella, D. & Ordovas, J. M. Can genotype be used to tailor treatment of obesity? State of the art and guidelines for future studies and applications. Minerva Endocrinol.38, 219–235 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fallaize, R., Macready, A. L., Butler, L. T., Ellis, J. A. & Lovegrove, J. A. An insight into the public acceptance of nutrigenomic-based personalised nutrition. Nutr. Res. Rev.26, 39–48 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Castle, D. & DeBusk, R. The electronic health record, genetic information, and patient privacy. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.108, 1372–1374 (2008). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Goldsmith, L., Jackson, L., O'Connor, A. & Skirton, H. Direct-to-consumer genomic testing from the perspective of the health professional: a systematic review of the literature. J. Community Genet.4, 169–180 (2013). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bouwman, L., Te Molder, H. & Hiddink, G. Patients, evidence and genes: an exploration of GPs' perspectives on gene-based personalized nutrition advice. Fam. Pract.25, i116–i122 (2008). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jackson, L., Goldsmith, L. & Skirton, H. Guidance for patients considering direct-to-consumer genetic testing and health professionals involved in their care: development of a practical decision tool. Fam. Pract.31, 341–348 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rubio-Aliaga, I., Kochhar, S. & Silva-Zolezzi, I. Biomarkers of nutrient bioactivity and efficacy: a route toward personalized nutrition. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.46, 545–554 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hendriks, H. F. Use of nutrigenomics endpoints in dietary interventions. Proc. Nutr. Soc.72, 348–351 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hesketh, J. Personalised nutrition: how far has nutrigenomics progressed? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.67, 430–435 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar