Cell migration and the control of post-natal T-cell lymphopoiesis in the thymus (original) (raw)
Osterfield, M., Kirschner, M. W. & Flanagan, J. G. Graded positional information: interpretation for both fate and guidance. Cell113, 425–428 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Watt, F. M. Stem cell fate and patterning in mammalian epidermis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.11, 410–417 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Marshman, E., Booth, C. & Potten, C. S. The intestinal epithelial stem cell. Bioessays24, 91–98 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Jegou, B. The Sertoli-germ cell communication network in mammals. Int. Rev. Cytol.147, 25–96 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Nilsson, S. K. et al. Hyaluronan is synthesized by primitive hemopoietic cells, participates in their lodgment at the endosteum following transplantation, and is involved in the regulation of their proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Blood101, 856–862 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kondo, M., Weissman, I. L. & Akashi, K. Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Cell91, 661–672 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Igarashi, H., Gregory, S. C., Yokota, T., Sakaguchi, N. & Kincade, P. W. Transcription from the RAG1 locus marks the earliest lymphocyte progenitors in bone marrow. Immunity17, 117–130 (2002). This manuscript indicates that the earliest lymphoid progenitor found in bone marrow seems to be marked by transcription from the recombinase-activating gene 1 (RAG1) locus. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Allman, D. et al. Thymopoiesis independent of common lymphoid progenitors. Nature Immunol.4, 168–174 (2003). This work describes what seems to be the earliest T-cell-lineage progenitor found in the thymus, and shows that it differs from the canonical common lymphoid progenitor. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ikawa, T., Kawamoto, H., Fujimoto, S. & Katsura, Y. Commitment of common T/natural killer (NK) progenitors to unipotent T and NK progenitors in the murine fetal thymus revealed by a single progenitor assay. J. Exp. Med.190, 1617–1626 (1999). This paper shows that the first requirement for Notch1 in the thymus seems to include repression of the default B-cell-lineage fate and/or to specify T-cell-lineage differentiation. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ardavin, C., Wu, L., Li, C. L. & Shortman, K. Thymic dendritic cells and T cells develop simultaneously in the thymus from a common precursor population. Nature362, 761–763 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Radtke, F. et al. Deficient T cell fate specification in mice with an induced inactivation of Notch1. Immunity10, 547–558 (1999). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Moore, T. A. & Zlotnik, A. T-cell lineage commitment and cytokine responses of thymic progenitors. Blood86, 1850–1860 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Laudanna, C., Kim, J. Y., Constantin, G. & Butcher, E. Rapid leukocyte integrin activation by chemokines. Immunol. Rev.186, 37–46 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ruiz, P., Wiles, M. V. & Imhof, B. A. α6 integrins participate in pro-T cell homing to the thymus. Eur. J. Immunol.25, 2034–2041 (1995). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wu, L., Kincade, P. W. & Shortman, K. The CD44 expressed on the earliest intrathymic precursor population functions as a thymus homing molecule but does not bind to hyaluronate. Immunol. Lett.38, 69–75 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Champion, S., Imhof, B. A., Savagner, P. & Thiery, J. P. The embryonic thymus produces chemotactic peptides involved in the homing of hemopoietic precursors. Cell44, 781–790 (1986). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bleul, C. C. & Boehm, T. Chemokines define distinct microenvironments in the developing thymus. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 3371–3379 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wilkinson, B., Owen, J. J. & Jenkinson, E. J. Factors regulating stem cell recruitment to the fetal thymus J. Immunol.162, 3873–3881 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wurbel, M. A. et al. Mice lacking the CCR9 CC-chemokine receptor show a mild impairment of early T- and B-cell development and a reduction in T-cell receptor γδ+ gut intraepithelial lymphocytes. Blood98, 2626–2632 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Suniara, R. K., Jenkinson, E. J. & Owen, J. J. Studies on the phenotype of migrant thymic stem cells. Eur. J. Immunol.29, 75–80 (1999). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kawakami, N. et al. Roles of integrins and CD44 on the adhesion and migration of fetal liver cells to the fetal thymus. J. Immunol.163, 3211–3216 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kincade, P. W. et al. Nature or nurture? Steady-state lymphocyte formation in adults does not recapitulate ontogeny. Immunol. Rev.187, 116–125 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Owen, J. J. & Ritter, M. A. Tissue interaction in the development of thymus lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med.129, 431–442 (1969). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Moore, M. A. & Owen, J. J. Experimental studies on the development of the thymus. J. Exp. Med.126, 715–726 (1967). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Le, D. N. M. & Jotereau, F. V. Tracing of cells of the avian thymus through embryonic life in interspecific chimeras. J. Exp. Med.142, 17–40 (1975). Article Google Scholar
Rossiter, H., Alon, R. & Kupper, T. S. Selectins, T-cell rolling and inflammation. Mol. Med. Today3, 214–222 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ushiki, T. & Takeda, M. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the perivascular space in the rat thymus. Arch. Histol. Cytol.60, 89–99 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Butcher, E. C. & Picker, L. J. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science272, 60–66 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lepique, A. P., Palencia, S., Irjala, H. & Petrie, H. T. Characterization of vascular adhesion molecules that may facilitate progenitor homing in the post–natal mouse thymus. Clin. Dev. Immunol.10, 27–33 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Dunon, D. et al. Ontogeny of the immune system: γδ and αβ T cells migrate from thymus to the periphery in alternating waves. J. Exp. Med.186, 977–988 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lind, E. F., Prockop, S. E., Porritt, H. E. & Petrie, H. T. Mapping precursor movement through the postnatal thymus reveals specific microenvironments supporting defined stages of early lymphoid development. J. Exp. Med.194, 127–134 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Foss, D. L., Donskoy, E. & Goldschneider, I. The importation of hematogenous precursors by the thymus is a gated phenomenon in normal adult mice. J. Exp. Med.193, 365–374 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Springer, T. A. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature346, 425–434 (1990). This study shows that recruitment of new progenitors from the blood to the post-natal thymus is a regulated periodic process, rather than occurring constitutively. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Savino, W., Villa-Verde, D. M. & Lannes-Vieira, J. Extracellular matrix proteins in intrathymic T-cell migration and differentiation? Immunol. Today14, 158–161 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kishimoto, H. et al. Differing roles for B7 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in negative selection of thymocytes. J. Exp. Med.184, 531–537 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sawada, M. et al. Expression of VLA-4 on thymocytes. Maturation stage-associated transition and its correlation with their capacity to adhere to thymic stromal cells. J. Immunol.149, 3517–3524 (1992). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Crisa, L. et al. Cell adhesion and migration are regulated at distinct stages of thymic T cell development: the roles of fibronectin, VLA4, and VLA5. J. Exp. Med.184, 215–228 (1996). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wadsworth, S., Halvorson, M. J. & Coligan, J. E. Developmentally regulated expression of the β4 integrin on immature mouse thymocytes. J. Immunol.149, 421–428 (1992). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Prockop, S. E. et al. Stromal cells provide the matrix for migration of early lymphoid progenitors through the thymic cortex. J. Immunol.169, 4354–4361 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lannes-Vieira, J., Dardenne, M. & Savino, W. Extracellular matrix components of the mouse thymus micro-environment: ontogenetic studies and modulation by glucocorticoid hormones. J. Histochem. Cytochem.39, 1539–1546 (1991). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kim, M. G. et al. Epithelial cell-specific laminin 5 is required for survival of early thymocytes. J. Immunol.165, 192–201 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Harman, B. C., Jenkinson, E. J. & Anderson, G. Microenvironmental regulation of Notch signalling in T cell development. Semin. Immunol.15, 91–97 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Schmitt, T. M. & Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. Induction of T cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells by delta-like-1 in vitro. Immunity17, 749–756 (2002). This work shows that the Notch ligand delta-like 1 is sufficient to specify the differentiation of T-cell-lineage progenitors in stromal cell culturesin vitro. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Savino, W., Mendes-da-Cruz, D. A., Silva, J. S., Dardenne, M. & Cotta-de-Almeida, V. Intrathymic T-cell migration: a combinatorial interplay of extracellular matrix and chemokines? Trends Immunol.23, 305–313 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Norment, A. M. & Bevan, M. J. Role of chemokines in thymocyte development. Semin. Immunol.12, 445–455 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Pelletier, A. J. et al. Presentation of chemokine SDF-1α by fibronectin mediates directed migration of T cells. Blood96, 2682–2690 (2000). This manuscript shows that directional T-cell migration does not require a gradient of chemokines, but rather an initial polarizing event together with persistence of the chemokine signal. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Youn, B. S. et al. Role of the CC chemokine receptor 9/TECK interaction in apoptosis. Apoptosis7, 271–276 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bousso, P., Bhakta, N. R., Lewis, R. S. & Robey, E. Dynamics of thymocyte-stromal cell interactions visualized by two-photon microscopy. Science296, 1876–1880 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Yanagawa, Y., Iwabuchi, K. & Onoe, K. Enhancement of stromal cell-derived factor-1α-induced chemotaxis for CD4/8 double-positive thymocytes by fibronectin and laminin in mice. Immunology104, 43–49 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Uehara, S., Song, K., Farber, J. M. & Love, P. E. Characterization of CCR9 expression and CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine responsiveness during T cell development: CD3highCD69+ thymocytes and γδTCR+ thymocytes preferentially respond to CCL25. J. Immunol.168, 134–142 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Shortman, K., Egerton, M., Spangrude, G. J. & Scollay, R. The generation and fate of thymocytes. Semin. Immunol.2, 3–12 (1990). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Norment, A. M., Bogatzki, L. Y., Gantner, B. N. & Bevan, M. J. Murine CCR9, a chemokine receptor for thymus-expressed chemokine that is upregulated following pre-TCR signaling. J. Immunol.164, 639–648 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wurbel, M. A. et al. The chemokine TECK is expressed by thymic and intestinal epithelial cells and attracts double- and single-positive thymocytes expressing the TECK receptor CCR9. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 262–271 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vicari, A. P. et al. TECK: a novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity7, 291–301 (1997). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Campbell, J. J., Pan, J. & Butcher, E. C. Cutting edge: developmental switches in chemokine responses during T cell maturation. J. Immunol.163, 2353–2357 (1999). This work shows several stage-specific distinctions in the responsiveness of developing thymocytes to various chemokines. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki, G. et al. Pertussis toxin-sensitive signal controls the trafficking of thymocytes across the corticomedullary junction in the thymus. J. Immunol.162, 5981–5985 (1999). This work indicates that movement from the cortex to the medulla is an active event requiring G protein-coupled signal transduction. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chantry, D. et al. Macrophage-derived chemokine is localized to thymic medullary epithelial cells and is a chemoattractant for CD3+, CD4+, CD8low thymocytes. Blood94, 1890–1898 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kremer, L. et al. The transient expression of CC chemokine receptor 8 in thymus identifies a thymocyte subset committed to become CD4+ single-positive T cells. J. Immunol.166, 218–225 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Fukui, Y. et al. Haematopoietic cell-specific CDM family protein DOCK2 is essential for lymphocyte migration. Nature412, 826–831 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lu, T. T. & Cyster, J. G. Integrin-mediated long-term B cell retention in the splenic marginal zone. Science297, 409–412 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Suzuki, G. et al. Loss of SDF-1 receptor expression during positive selection in the thymus. Int. Immunol.10, 1049–1056 (1998). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ueno, T. et al. Role for CCR7 ligands in the emigration of newly generated T lymphocytes from the neonatal thymus. Immunity16, 205–218 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Shi, G. X., Harrison, K., Wilson, G. L., Moratz, C. & Kehrl, J. H. RGS13 regulates germinal center B lymphocytes responsiveness to CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12 and CXCL13. J. Immunol.169, 2507–2515 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wilkinson, D. G. Multiple roles of EPH receptors and ephrins in neural development. Nature Rev. Neurosci.2, 155–164 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vergara-Silva, A., Schaefer, K. L. & Berg, L. J. Compartmentalized Eph receptor and ephrin expression in the thymus. Gene Expr. Patterns2, 261–265 (2002). This work, although largely descriptive, indicates a potential role for canonical mediators of cell repulsion (ephrins) in directing cell location in the thymus. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Toro, I. & Olah, I. Penetration of thymocytes into the blood circulation. J. Ultrastruct. Res.17, 439–451 (1967). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bhalla, D. K. & Karnovsky, M. J. Surface morphology of mouse and rat thymic lymphocytes: an in situ scanning electron microscopic study. Anat. Rec.191, 203–220 (1978). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Miyasaka, M., Pabst, R., Dudler, L., Cooper, M. & Yamaguchi, K. Characterization of lymphatic and venous emigrants from the thymus. Thymus16, 29–43 (1990). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sainte-Marie, G. & Leblond, C. P. Elaboration of a model for the formation of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex of young adult rats. Blood26, 765–783 (1965). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chaffin, K. E. & Perlmutter, R. M. A pertussis toxin-sensitive process controls thymocyte emigration. Eur. J. Immunol.21, 2565–2573 (1991). This paper was one of the first to show that G protein-coupled signals are required for T-cell differentiation in the thymus, and indicates that this process is required for the export of newly generated T cells as well. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Poznansky, M. C. et al. Thymocyte emigration is mediated by active movement away from stroma-derived factors. J. Clin. Invest.109, 1101–1110 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Zaitseva, M. et al. Stromal-derived factor 1 expression in the human thymus. J. Immunol.168, 2609–2617 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Zou, Y. R., Kottmann, A. H., Kuroda, M., Taniuchi, I. & Littman, D. R. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature393, 595–599 (1998). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Cook, D. N. et al. CCR6 mediates dendritic cell localization, lymphocyte homeostasis, and immune responses in mucosal tissue. Immunity12, 495–503 (2000). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Chensue, S. W. et al. Aberrant in vivo T helper type 2 cell response and impaired eosinophil recruitment in CC chemokine receptor 8 knockout mice. J. Exp. Med.193, 573–584 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar