von Behring, E. & Kitasato, S. Ueber das zutandekommen der diphtherie-immunitat und der tetanus-immunitat bei thieren. Deutsche Medizinsche Wochenschrift16, 1113–1114 (1890). Article Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1908. Nobel lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1901–1921 (Elsevier, 1967). Google Scholar
Tiselius, A. & Kabat, E. A. An electrophoretic study of immune sera and purified antibody preparations. J. Exp. Med.69, 119–131 (1939). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fagraeus, A. The plasma cellular reaction and its relation to the formation of antibodies in vitro. J. Immunol.58, 1–13 (1948). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Coons, A. H., Leduc, E. H. & Connolly, J. M. Studies on antibody production. I. A method for the histochemical demonstration of specific antibody and its application to a study of the hyperimmune rabbit. J. Exp. Med.102, 49–60 (1955). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Peterson, R. D. & Good, R. A. Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken. Nature205, 143–146 (1965). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Landsteiner, K. & Chase, M. W. Experiments on transfer of cutaneous sensitivity to simple compounds. P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.49, 688–690 (1942). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Chase, M. W. The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin. P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.59, 134–135 (1945). Article Google Scholar
Mechnikov, I. Nobel lecture, December 11, 1908. Nobel lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1901–1921 (Elsevier, 1967). Google Scholar
Bruton, O. C. Agammaglobulinemia. Pediatrics.6, 722–728 (1952). Google Scholar
Good, R. A. & Varco, R. L. A clinical and experimental study of agammaglobulinemia. Lancet75, 245–271 (1955). CAS Google Scholar
Glick, B., Chang, T. S. & Jaap, R. G. The bursa of fabricius and antibody production. Poultry Science35, 224–225 (1956). Article Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. Dissociation of gamma-globulin. J. Am. Chem. Soc.81, 3155–3156 (1959). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Eisen, H. N. & Siskind, G. W. Variations in affinities of antibodies during the immune Response. Biochemistry3, 996–1008 (1964). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weigert, M. G., Cesari, I. M., Yonkovich, S. J. & Cohn, M. Variability in the lambda light chain sequences of mouse antibody. Nature228, 1045–1047 (1970). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Good, R. A. et al. The role of the thymus in development of immunologic capacity in rabbits and mice. J. Exp. Med.116, 773–796 (1962). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jankovic, B. D., Waksman, B. H. & Arnason, B. G. Role of the thymus in immune reactions in rats. I. The immunologic response to bovine serum albumin (antibody formation, arthus reactivity, and delayed hypersensitivity) in rats thymectomized or splenectomized at various times after birth. J. Exp. Med.116, 159–176 (1962). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hilgard, H. R., Yunis, E. J., Sjodin, K., Martinez, C. & Good, R. A. Reversal of wasting in thymectomized mice by the injection of syngeneic spleen or thymus cell suspensions. Nature202, 668–670 (1964). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gowans, J. L. & Knight, E. J. The route of re-circulation of lymphocytes in the rat. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci.159, 257–282 (1964). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Gowans, J. L. & McGregor, D. D. The Origins of Antibody-Forming Cells. Immunopathology: IIIrd International Symposium (eds Grabar, P. & Miescher, P. A.) 89 (Schwabe, 1963). Google Scholar
Auerbach, R. Experimental analysis of the origin of cell types in the development of the mouse thymus. Dev. Biol.3, 336–354 (1961). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Szenberg, A. & Warner, N. L. Dissociation of immunological responsiveness in fowls with a hormonally arrested development of lymphoid tissues. Nature194, 146–147 (1962). Article Google Scholar
Warner, N. L., Szenberg, A. & Burnet, F. M. The immunological role of different lymphoid organs in the chicken. I. Dissociation of immunological responsiveness. Austral. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci.40, 373–387 (1962). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Peterson, R. D., Burmester, B. R., Frederick, T. N., Purchase, H. G. & Good, R. A. Effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on development of visceral lymphomatosis in chicken. J. Natl Cancer Inst.32, 1343–1353 (1964). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Chae, H. P., Lowman, J. T., Krivit, W. & Good, R. A. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. An immunologic deficiency disease involving the afferent limb of immunity. Am. J. Med.44, 499–513 (1968). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Raymond, D. A., Peterson, R. D., South, M. A. & Good, R. A. The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken. J. Exp. Med.123, 75–102 (1966). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Schwartz, M. M. & Good, R. A. Restoration of γ-globulin production in agammaglobulinemic chickens. Science151, 471–473 (1966). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Glanzmann, E. Die essentielle erythroblastopenie mit anamie vom typus Diamond-Blackfan. Experientia1, 118 (1945). Article Google Scholar
Hitzig, W. H., Biro, Z., Bosch, H. & Huser, H. J. Agammaglobulinemia and alymphocytosis with atrophy of lymphatic tissue. Helvet. Paediatr. Acta13, 551–585 (1958). CAS Google Scholar
DiGeorge, A. M. Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: Concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism. Birth Defects Original Article Series4, 116–121 (1968). Google Scholar
Becker, A. J., Mc, C. E. & Till, J. E. Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells. Nature197, 452–454 (1963). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ford, C. E. & Micklem, H. S. The thymus and lymph-nodes in radiation chimaeras. Lancet1, 359–362 (1963). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Moore, M. A. S. & Owen, J. J. T. Stem-cell migration in developing myeloid and lymphoid systems. Lancet2, 658–659 (1967). Article Google Scholar
Roitt, I. M., Greaves, M. F., Torrigiani, G., Brostoff, J. & Playfair, J. H. The cellular basis of immunological responses. A synthesis of some current views. Lancet2, 367–371 (1969). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Crotty, S. A brief history of T cell help to B cells. Nature Rev. Immunol.(in the press).
Cooper, M. D., Cain, W. A., Van Alten, P. J. & Good, R. A. Development and function of the immunoglobulin producing system. I. Effect of bursectomy at different stages of development on germinal centers, plasma cells, immunoglobulins and antibody production. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol.35, 242–252 (1969). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kincade, P. W., Lawton, A. R., Bockman, D. E. & Cooper, M. D. Suppression of immunoglobulin G synthesis as a result of antibody-mediated suppression of immunoglobulin M synthesis in chickens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA67, 1918–1925 (1970). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lawton, A. R., Asofsky, R., Hylton, M. B. & Cooper, M. D. Suppression of immunoglobulin class synthesis in mice. I. Effects of treatment with antibody to μ-chain. J. Exp. Med.135, 277–297 (1972). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Moller, G. Demonstration of mouse isoantigens at the cellular-level by the fluorescent-antibody technique. J. Exp. Med.114, 415–434 (1961). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Raff, M. C., Sternber, M. & Taylor, R. B. Immunoglobulin determinants on surface of mouse lymphoid cells. Nature225, 553–554 (1970). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rabellino, E. & Grey, H. M. Immunoglobulins on the surface of lymphocytes. 3. Bursal origin of surface immunoglobulins on chicken lymphocytes. J. Immunol.106, 1418–1420 (1971). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kincade, P. W., Lawton, A. R. & Cooper, M. D. Restriction of surface immunoglobulin determinants to lymphocytes of the plasma cell line. J. Immunol.106, 1421–1423 (1971). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D., Lawton, A. R. & Bockman, D. E. Agammaglobulinaemia with B lymphocytes: A specific defect of plasma cell differentiation. Lancet2, 791–795 (1971). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cooper, M. D. et al. A mammalian equivalent of the avian bursa of Fabricius. Lancet1, 1388–1391 (1966). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Owen, J. J., Cooper, M. D. & Raff, M. C. In vitro generation of B lymphocytes in mouse foetal liver, a mammalian 'bursa equivalent'. Nature249, 361–363 (1974). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Osmond, D. G. & Nossal, G. J. Differentiation of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. II. Kinetics of maturation and renewal of antiglobulin-binding cells studied by double labeling. Cellular Immunology13, 132–145 (1974). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ryser, J. E. & Vassalli, P. Mouse bone marrow lymphocytes and their differentiation. J. Immunol.113, 719–728 (1974). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Owen, J. J., Raff, M. C. & Cooper, M. D. Studies on the generation of B lymphocytes in the mouse embryo. Eur. J. Immunol.3, 468–473 (1975). Article Google Scholar
Raff, M. C., Megson, M., Owen, J. J. & Cooper, M. D. Early production of intracellular IgM by B-lymphocyte precursors in mouse. Nature259, 224–226 (1976). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kohler, G. & Milstein, C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature256, 495–497 (1975). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Burrows, P., LeJeune, M. & Kearney, J. F. Evidence that murine pre-B cells synthesise μ-heavy chains but no light chains. Nature280, 838–840 (1979). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hozumi, N. & Tonegawa, S. Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA73, 3628–3632 (1976). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bernard, O., Hozumi, N. & Tonegawa, S. Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes. Cell15, 1133–1144 (1978). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Early, P., Huang, H., Davis, M., Calame, K. & Hood, L. An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH. Cell19, 981–992 (1980). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rogers, J. et al. Two mRNAs with different 3′ ends encode membrane-bound and secreted forms of immunoglobulin μ-chain. Cell20, 303–312 (1980). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Davis, M. M. et al. An immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene is formed by at least two recombinational events. Nature283, 733–739 (1980). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sakano, H., Maki, R., Kurosawa, Y., Roeder, W. & Tonegawa, S. Two types of somatic recombination are necessary for the generation of complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. Nature286, 676–683 (1980). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yaoita, Y. & Honjo, T. Deletion of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes from expressed allelic chromosome. Nature286, 850–853 (1980). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McKean, D. et al. Generation of antibody diversity in the immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA81, 3180–3184 (1984). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jacob, J., Kelsoe, G., Rajewsky, K. & Weiss, U. Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres. Nature354, 389–392 (1991). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kocks, C. & Rajewsky, K. Stable expression and somatic hypermutation of antibody V regions in B-cell developmental pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol.7, 537–559 (1989). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schatz, D. G., Oettinger, M. A. & Baltimore, D. The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell59, 1035–1048 (1989). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Oettinger, M. A., Schatz, D. G., Gorka, C. & Baltimore, D. RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination. Science248, 1517–1523 (1990). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Muramatsu, M., et al. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell102, 553–563 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Reynaud, C. A., Anquez, V., Grimal, H. & Weill, J. C. A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light chain preimmune repertoire. Cell48, 379–388 (1987). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Thompson, C. B. & Neiman, P. E. Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain gene is limited to the rearranged variable gene segment. Cell48, 369–378 (1987). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Di Noia, J. M. & Neuberger, M. S. Immunoglobulin gene conversion in chicken DT40 cells largely proceeds through an abasic site intermediate generated by excision of the uracil produced by AID-mediated deoxycytidine deamination. Eur. J. Immunol.34, 504–508 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zinkernagel, R. M. & Doherty, P. C. Cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J. Exp. Med.138, 1266–1269 (1973). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yanagi, Y. et al. A human T cell-specific cDNA clone encodes a protein having extensive homology to immunoglobulin chains. Nature308, 145–149 (1984). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hedrick, S. M., Cohen, D. I., Nielsen, E. A. & Davis, M. M. Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins. Nature308, 149–153 (1984). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pancer, Z. et al. Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey. Nature430, 174–180 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Litman, G. W., Rast, J. P. & Fugmann, S. D. The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Nature Rev. Immunol.10, 543–553 (2010). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Herrin, B. R. & Cooper, M. D. Alternative adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. J. Immunol.185, 1367–1374 (2010). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Karasuyama, H., Rolink, A. & Melchers, F. Surrogate light chain in B cell development. Adv. Immunol.63, 1–41 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Reth, M. & Nielsen, P. Signaling circuits in early B-cell development. Adv. Immunol.122, 129–175 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Avalos, A. M., Meyer-Wentrup, F. & Ploegh, H. L. B-cell receptor signaling in lymphoid malignancies and autoimmunity. Adv. Immunol.123, 1–49 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar