Oligodendrocyte wars (original) (raw)

• Altman, J. Proliferation and migration of undifferentiated precursor cells in the rat during postnatal gliogenesis. Exp. Neurol. 16, 263–278 (1966).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Choi, B. H., Kim, R. C. & Lapham, L. W. Do radial glia give rise to both astroglial and oligodendroglial cells? Dev. Brain Res. 8, 119–130 (1983).
  Article Google Scholar
• Choi, B. H. & Kim, R. C. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by immature oligodendroglia and its implications. J. Neuroimmunol. 8, 215–235 (1985).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hirano, M. & Goldman, J. E. Gliogenesis in the rat spinal cord: evidence for origin of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from radial precursors. J. Neurosci. Res. 21, 155–167 (1988).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Warf, B. C., Fok-Seang, J. & Miller, R. H. Evidence for the ventral origin of oligodendrocyte precursors in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 11, 2477–2488 (1991).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pringle, N. P. & Richardson, W. D. A singularity of PDGFα-receptor expression in the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube may define the origin of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Development 117, 525–533 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Noll, E. & Miller, R. H. Oligodendrocyte precursors originate at the ventral ventricular zone dorsal to the ventral midline region in the embryonic rat spinal cord. Development 118, 563–573 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yu, W.-P., Collarini, E. J., Pringle, N. P. & Richardson, W. D. Embryonic expression of myelin genes: evidence for a focal source of oligodendrocyte precursors in the ventricular zone of the neural tube. Neuron 12, 1353–1362 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Timsit, S. et al. Oligodendrocytes originate in a restricted zone of the embryonic ventral neural tube defined by DM-20 mRNA expression. J. Neurosci. 15, 1012–1024 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lu, Q. R. et al. Sonic hedgehog-regulated oligodendrocyte lineage genes encoding bHLH proteins in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuron 25, 317–329 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Takebayashi, H. et al. Dynamic expression of basic helix–loop–helix Olig family members: implication of Olig2 in neuron and oligodendrocyte differentiation and identification of a new member, Olig3. Mech. Dev. 99, 143–148 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Wang, S. & Anderson, D. J. Identification of a novel family of oligodendrocyte lineage-specific basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors. Neuron 25, 331–343 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rowitch, D. H. Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 409–419 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tekki-Kessaris, N. et al. Hedgehog-dependent oligodendrocyte lineage specification in the telencephalon. Development 128, 2545–2554 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Spassky, N. et al. Sonic hedgehog-dependent emergence of oligodendrocytes in the telencephalon: evidence for a source of oligodendrocytes in the olfactory bulb that is independent of PDGFRα signaling. Development 128, 4993–5004 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Olivier, C. et al. Monofocal origin of telencephalic oligodendrocytes in the chick embryo: the entopeduncular area. Development 128, 1757–1769 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jessell, T. M. Neuronal specification in the spinal cord; inductive signals and transcriptional codes. Nature Rev. Genet. 1, 20–29 (2001).
  Article Google Scholar
• Cai, J. et al. Generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse dorsal spinal cord independent of Nkx6 regulation and Shh signaling. Neuron 45, 41–53 (2005). Describes studies with Nkx6.1/Nkx6.2 compound knockout mice, showing sonic hedgehog-independent production of oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs) in the dorsal spinal cord.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Vallstedt, A., Klos, J. M. & Ericson, J. Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Neuron 45, 55–67 (2005). Like reference 18, this describes studies with Nkx6 -null mice that demonstrate production of oligodendrocyte precursors in the dorsal spinal cord and hindbrain, and provides evidence for the involvement of BMPs in dorsal specification events. Vallstedt et al . also show that the role of the transcription factor Nkx2.2 differs between spinal cord and brainstem.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fogarty, M., Richardson, W. D. & Kessaris, N. A subset of oligodendrocytes generated from radial glia in the dorsal spinal cord. Development 132, 1951–1959 (2005). This article from our own laboratory provides independent evidence, by Cre- lox fate mapping in transgenic mice, for dorsal production of OLPs (and astrocytes). It also shows that specification of the dorsal subset of OLPs is hedgehog-independent in culture but depends on FGF signalling.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kessaris, N. et al. Competition among oligodendrocyte sub-populations in the forebrain and elimination of an early embryonic lineage. Nature Neurosci. (in the press). Describes experiments that used a series of Cre mouse lines to show that OLPs originate in both ventral and dorsal forebrain territories. Kessaris et al . also killed ventral and dorsal populations separately by targeted expression of Diphtheria toxin A chain, and showed that the different regional populations are able to substitute functionally for one another.
• Spassky, N. et al. Multiple restricted origin of oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. 18, 8331–8343 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Spassky, N. et al. Single or multiple oligodendroglial lineages: a controversy. Glia 29, 143–148 (2000). References 23 and 24 set out the contemporary arguments for and against multiple ventral and dorsal origins of oligodendrocytes versus a restricted ventral origin. These articles epitomize the 'wars' described in the current review.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Richardson, W. D. et al. Oligodendrocyte lineage and the motor neuron connection. Glia 12, 136–142 (2000).
  Article Google Scholar
• Rao, M. S., Noble, M. & Mayer-Proschel, M. A tripotential glial precursor cell is present in the developing spinal cord. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3996–4001 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. & Rao, M. Oligodendrocytes, GRPs and MNOPs. Trends Neurosci. 26, 410–412 (2003). Provides a discussion of the current debate about glial restricted precursors versus neuron–oligodendrocyte precursors.
• Rowitch, D. H., Lu, Q. R., Kessaris, N. & Richardson, W. D. An 'oligarchy' rules neural development. Trends Neurosci. 25, 417–422 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lu, Q. R. et al. Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte lineage connection. Cell 109, 75–86 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Takebayashi, H. et al. The basic helix–loop–helix factor Olig2 is essential for the development of motoneuron and oligodendrocyte lineages. Curr. Biol. 12, 1157–1163 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q. & Anderson, D. J. The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification. Cell 109, 61–73 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Calver, A. R. et al. Oligodendrocyte population dynamics and the role of PDGF in vivo. Neuron 20, 869–882 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• van Heyningen, P., Calver, A. R. & Richardson, W. D. Control of progenitor cell number by mitogen supply and demand. Curr. Biol. 11, 232–241 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fogarty, M. Fate mapping the mouse neural tube by Cre-loxP transgenesis. Thesis, Univ. London (2005).
• Ivanova, A. et al. Evidence for a second wave of oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal cerebral cortex of the mouse. J. Neurosci. Res. 73, 581–592 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sun, T., Pringle, N. P., Hardy, A. P., Richardson, W. D. & Smith, H. K. Pax6 influences the time and site of origin of glial precursors in the ventral neural tube. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 12, 228–239 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Xu, X. et al. Selective expression of Nkx-2.2 transcription factor in chicken oligodendrocyte progenitors and implications for the embryonic origin of oligodendrocytes. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 16, 740–753 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Soula, C. et al. Distinct sites of origin of oligodendrocytes and somatic motor neurons in the chick spinal cord; oligodendrocytes arise from Nkx2.2-expressing progenitors by a Shh-dependent mechanism. Development 128, 1369–1379 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Choi, G. & Anderson, D. The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in collaboration with Nkx2.2. Neuron 31, 791–807 (2001). This pioneering article was the first to show a functional role for Nkx2.2 in oligodendrocyte development.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fu, H. et al. Dual origin of spinal oligodendrocyte progenitors and evidence for the cooperative role of Olig2 and Nkx2.2 in the control of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Development 129, 681–693 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Agius, E. et al. Converse control of oligodendrocyte and astrocyte lineage development by sonic hedgehog in the chick spinal cord. Dev. Biol. 270, 308–321 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Qi, Y. et al. Control of oligodendrocyte differentiation by the Nkx2.2 homeodomain transcription factor. Development 128, 2723–2733 (2001). Provides evidence that, in the mouse spinal cord, Nkx2.2 has an essential role in oligodendrocyte maturation, but not in initial lineage specification.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gorski, J. A. et al. Cortical excitatory neurons and glia, but not GABAergic neurons, are produced in the Emx1-expressing lineage. J. Neurosci. 22, 6309–6314 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• He, W., Ingraham, C., Rising, L., Goderie, S. & Temple, S. Multipotent stem cells from the mouse basal forebrain contribute GABAergic neurons and oligodendrocytes to the cerebral cortex during embryogenesis. J. Neurosci. 21, 8854–8862 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wichterle, H., Turnbull, D. H., Nery, S., Fishell, G. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. In utero fate mapping reveals distinct migratory pathways and fates of neurons born in the mammalian basal forebrain. Development 128, 3759–3771 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marshall, C. A. & Goldman, J. E. Subpallial _Dlx2_-expressing cells give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex and white matter. J. Neurosci. 22, 9821–9830 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yung, S. Y. et al. Differential modulation of BMP signaling promotes the elaboration of cerebral cortical GABAergic neurons or oligodendrocytes from a common sonic hedgehog-responsive ventral forebrain progenitor species. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16273–16278 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Levison, S. W. & Goldman, J. E. Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat forebrain. Neuron 10, 201–212 (1993).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Luskin, M. B. & McDermott, K. Divergent lineages for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes originating in the neonatal forebrain subventricular zone. Glia 11, 211–226 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Levison, S. W. & Goldman, J. E. Multipotential and lineage restricted precursors coexist in the mammalian perinatal subventricular zone. J. Neurosci. Res. 48, 83–94 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Parnavelas, J. G. Glial cell lineages in the rat cerebral cortex. Exp. Neurol. 156, 418–429 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Levison, S. W., Young, G. M. & Goldman, J. E. Cycling cells in the adult rat neocortex preferentially generate oligodendroglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 57, 435–446 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chandran, S. et al. FGF-dependent generation of oligodendrocytes by a hedgehog-independent pathway. Development 130, 6599–6609 (2004).
  Article Google Scholar
• Kessaris, N., Jamen, F., Rubin, L. & Richardson, W. D. Cooperation between sonic hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor/MAPK signalling pathways in neocortical precursors. Development 131, 1289–1298 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gross, R. E. et al. Bone morphogenetic proteins promote astroglial lineage commitment by mammalian subventricular zone progenitor cells. Neuron 17, 595–606 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Grinspan, J. B. et al. Stage-specific effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on the oligodendrocyte lineage. J. Neurobiol. 43, 1–17 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mekki-Dauriac, S., Agius, E., Kan, P. & Cochard, P. Bone morphogenetic proteins negatively control oligodendrocyte precursor specification in the chick spinal cord. Development 129, 5117–5130 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shimizu, T. et al. Wnt signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord. Dev. Biol. 282, 397–410 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nery, S., Wichterle, H. & Fishell, G. Sonic hedgehog contributes to oligodendrocyte specification in the mammalian forebrain. Development 128, 527–540 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marin, O. & Rubenstein, J. L. A long, remarkable journey: tangential migration in the telencephalon. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2, 780–790 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Letinic, K., Zoncu, R. & Rakic, P. Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature 417, 645–649 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Richardson, W. D., Pringle, N. P., Yu, W.-P. & Hall, A. C. Origins of spinal cord oligodendrocytes: possible developmental and evolutionary relationships with motor neurons. Dev. Neurosci. 19, 54–64 (1997).
  Article Google Scholar
• Cameron-Curry, P. & Le Douarin, N. M. Oligodendrocyte precursors originate from both the dorsal and the ventral parts of the spinal cord. Neuron 15, 1299–1310 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pringle, N. P., Guthrie, S., Lumsden, A. & Richardson, W. D. Dorsal spinal cord neuroepithelium generates astrocytes but not oligodendrocytes. Neuron 20, 883–893 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fu, H. et al. Molecular mapping of the origin of postnatal spinal cord ependymal cells: evidence that adult ependymal cells are derived from Nkx6.1+ ventral neural progenitor cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 456, 237–244 (2003). Provides persuasive evidence that the postnatal ependymal layer that surrounds the lumen of the postnatal spinal cord is derived exclusively from neuroepithelial cells in the ventral (Nkx6.1-expressing) part of the embryonic spinal cord. The results of Cre- lox fate mapping (see reference 20) support this conclusion, which raises interesting questions about the cell fate potential of neural stem cells in the adult.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bunge, R. Glial cells and the central myelin sheath. Physiol. Rev. 48, 197–251 (1968).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bjartmar, C., Hildebrand, C. & Loinder, K. Morphological heterogeneity of rat oligodendrocytes: electron microscopic studies on serial sections. Glia 11, 235–244 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Butt, A. M., Ibrahim, M. & Berry, M. The relationship between developing oligodendrocyte units and maturing axons during myelinogenesis in the anterior medullary velum of neonatal rats. J. Neurocytol. 27, 327–338 (1997).
  Article Google Scholar
• Butt, A. M., Colquhoun, K., Tutton, M. & Berry, M. Three-dimensional morphology of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the intact mouse optic nerve. J. Neurocytol. 23, 469–485 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kleopa, K. A., Orthmann, J. L., Enriquez, A., Paul, D. L. & Scherer, S. S. Unique distributions of the gap junction proteins connexin29, connexin32 and connexin47 in oligodendrocytes. Glia 47, 346–357 (2004).
  Article Google Scholar
• Fanarraga, M. L., Griffiths, I. R., Zhao, M. & Duncan, I. D. Oligodendrocytes are not inherently programmed to myelinate a specific size of axon. J. Comp. Neurol. 399, 94–100 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Le Bras, B. et al. Oligodendrocyte development in the embryonic brain: the contribution of the plp lineage. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49, 209–220 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar