Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain (original) (raw)
References
Tulving, E. in Organisation of Memory (eds Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W.) 381–403 (Academic, New York, 1972). Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. The Modularity of Mind (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1983). Book Google Scholar
Thompson-Schill, S. L. Neuroimaging studies of semantic memory: inferring “how” from “where”. Neuropsychologia41, 280–292 (2003). This review of neuropsychological and functional imaging studies offers a succinct overview of the modality-specific components of the cortical semantic network and addresses the role of prefrontal regions in control or selection of semantic information. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. in Current Perspectives in Dysphasia (eds Newman, S. K. & Epstein, R.) 32–60 (Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, 1985). Google Scholar
Martin, A. The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol.58, 25–45 (2007). This is an elegant review of evidence for a distributed network of semantic features linked to the sensory and motor systems that analyse such features as input. It also argues for categorical organization of semantic memory. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Saffran, E. M. & Schwartz, M. F. in Attention and Performance XV (eds Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M.) 507–535 (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, 1994). Google Scholar
Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Coltheart, M. & Funnell, E. Semantic systems or system? Neuropsychological evidence re-examined. Cogn. Neuropsychol.5, 3–25 (1988). Article Google Scholar
Caramazza, A., Hillis, A. E., Rapp, B. C. & Romani, C. The multiple semantic hypothesis: multiple confusions? Cogn. Neuropsychol.7, 161–189 (1990). Article Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones. Neural Comput.1, 123–132 (1989). Article Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. & Damasio, H. in Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain (ed. Koch, C.) 61–74 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1994). Google Scholar
Damasio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R. D. & Damasio, A. R. A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature380, 499–505 (1996). This landmark paper combined lesion analysis in a large group of patients and PET imaging in normal individuals to identify brain regions crucial to retrieval of names for entities in different semantic categories (famous people, animals and tools). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tranel, D., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. A neural basis for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia35, 1319–11327 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Grabowski, T., Adolphs, R. & Damasio, A. R. Neural systems behind word and concept retrieval. Cognition92, 179–229 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Beauchamp, M. S., Argall, B. D., Bodurka, J., Duyn, J. H. & Martin, A. Unravelling multisensory integration: patchy organization within human STS multisensory cortex. Nature Neurosci.7, 1190–1192 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Snowden, J. S., Neary, D. & Mann, D. M. A. Fronto-Temporal Lobar Degeneration: Fronto-Temporal Dementia, Progressive Aphasia, Semantic Dementia (Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996). Google Scholar
Davies, R. R. et al. The pathological basis of semantic dementia. Brain128, 1962–1963 (2005). Article Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. The selective impairment of semantic memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol.27, 635–657 (1975). This article represents one of the first, and still one of the very best and most creative, neuropsychological investigations of semantic dementia. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F., Martin, O. S. M. & Saffran, E. M. Dissociations of language function in dementia: a case study. Brain Lang.7, 277–306 (1979). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Snowden, J. S., Goulding, P. J. & Neary, D. Semantic dementia: a form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy. Behav. Neurol.2, 111–138 (1989). Google Scholar
Delacourte, A. et al. The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology52, 1158–1165 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nestor, P. J., Fryer, T. D., Smielewski, P. & Hodges, J. R. Limbic hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol.54, 343–351 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Giffard, B. et al. The nature of semantic memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain124, 1522–1532 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grossman, M. et al. Neural basis for semantic memory difficulty in Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study. Brain126, 292–311 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Galton, C. J., Patterson, K., Xuereb, J. H. & Hodges, J. R. Atypical and typical presentations of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and pathological study of 13 cases. Brain123, 484–498 (2000). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lambon Ralph, M. A., Lowe, C. & Rogers, T. T. Neural basis of category-specific deficits for living things: evidence from semantic dementia, HSVE and a neural network model. Brain130, 1127–1137 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Noppeney, U. et al. Temporal lobe lesions and semantic impairment: a comparison of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and semantic dementia. Brain130, 1138–1147 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. & Shelton, J. R. Domain specific knowledge systems in the brain: the animate-inanimate distinction. J. Cogn. Neurosci.10, 1–34 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. & McClelland, J. L. A computational model of semantic memory impairment: modality specificity and emergent category specificity. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.120, 339–357 (1991). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. Category-specific semantic impairment. Brain107, 829–854 (1984). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shallice, T. From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK 1998). Google Scholar
Jefferies, E. & Lambon Ralph, M. A. Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia: a case-series comparison. Brain129, 2132–2147 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jefferies, E., Patterson, K. & Lambon Ralph, M. A. Deficits of knowledge vs. executive control in semantic cognition: insights from cued naming. Neuropsychologia 18 Sep 2004 (doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.007).
Graham K., Patterson, K. & Hodges, J. R. Progressive pure anomia: insufficient activation of phonology by meaning. Neurocase1, 25–38 (1995). Article Google Scholar
Berthier, M. Transcortical Aphasias (Psychology, Hove East Sussex, 1999). Google Scholar
Badre, D., Poldrack, R., Paré-Blagoev E., Insler R. & Wagner, A. Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron47, 907–918 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gold, B. T. et al. Dissociation of automatic and strategic lexical-semantics: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for differing roles of multiple frontotemporal regions. J. Neurosci.26, 6523–6532 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Diehl, B. et al. Cerebral metabolic patterns at early stages of frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. A PET study. Neurobiol. Aging25, 1051–1056 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Desgranges, B. et al. Anatomical and functional alterations in semantic dementia: a voxel-based MRI and PET study. Neurobiol. Aging28, 1904–1913.
Nestor, P. J., Fryer T. D. & Hodges J. R. Declarative memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia. Neuroimage30, 1010–1020 (2006). This study highlighted that the lesions (defined by FDG-PET metabolism) associated with the semantic deficit in semantic dementia are restricted to the anterior temporal lobes, whereas posterior temporal hypometabolism was evident in an Alzheimer group with absent or very mild semantic deficits. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chan, D. et al. Patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol.49, 433–442 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Davies, R. R., Graham, K. S., Xuereb, J. H., Williams, G. B. & Hodges, J. R. The human perirhinal cortex and semantic memory. Eur. J. Neurosci.20, 2441–2446 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mummery, C. J. et al. A voxel-based morphometry study of semantic dementia: relationship between temporal lobe atrophy and semantic memory. Ann. Neurol.47, 36–45 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seeley, W. W. et al. The natural history of temporal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology64, 1384–1390 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chao, L. L., Haxby, J. V. & Martin, A. Attribute-based neural substrates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neurosci.2, 913–919 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Goldberg, R. F., Perfetti, C. A. & Schneider, W. Perceptual knowledge retrieval activates sensory brain regions. J. Neurosci.26, 4917–4921 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I. & Pulvermuller, F. Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron41, 301–307 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
James, T. W. & Gauthier, I. Auditory and action semantic features activate sensory-specific perceptual brain regions. Curr. Biol.13, 1792–1796 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kellenbach, M. L., Brett, M. & Patterson, K. Large, colourful or noisy? Attribute- and modality-specific activations during retrieval of perceptual attribute knowledge. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.1, 207–221 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kellenbach, M. L., Brett, M. & Patterson, K. Actions speak louder than functions: the importance of manipulability and action in tool representations. J. Cogn. Neurosci.15, 20–46.
Joseph, J. E. Functional neuroimaging studies of category specificity in object recognition: a critical review and meta-analysis. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.1, 119–136.
Moore, C. J. & Price, C. J. Three distinct ventral occipitotemporal regions for reading and object naming. Neuroimage10, 181–192 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Devlin, J. T. et al. Susceptibility-induced loss of signal: comparing PET and fMRI on a semantic task. Neuroimage11, 589–600 (2000). These experiments highlighted an important methodological issue for fMRI. Using a semantic categorization paradigm and a comparison of imaging methods, the authors established that the significant anterior temporal lobe activation evident with H2150-PET was largely absent with fMRI — a consequence of MRI susceptibility artefact. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mummery, C. J., Patterson, K., Hodges, J. R. & Wise, R. J. S. Generating 'tiger' as an animal name or a word beginning with T: differences in brain activation. Proc. Biol. Sci.263, 989–995 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Price, C. J., Devlin, J. T., Moore, C. J., Morton, C. & Laird, A. R. Meta-analyses of object naming: effect of baseline. Hum. Brain Mapp.25, 70–82 (2005). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rogers, T. T. et al. Anterior temporal cortex and semantic memory: reconciling findings from neuropsychology and functional imaging. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.6, 201–213 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bright, P., Moss, H. & Tyler, L. K. Unitary vs multiple semantics: PET studies of word and picture processing. Brain Lang.89, 417–432 (2004). This publication is significant because its conjunction analysis of four PET studies, using different kinds of semantic tasks and stimuli, revealed common activation in the anterior temporal lobe, and because it highlights the impact of specificity of semantic processing. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Crinion, J. T., Lambon-Ralph, M. A., Warburton, E. A., Howard, D. & Wise, R. J. S. Temporal lobe regions engaged in normal speech comprehension. Brain126, 1193–1201 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Scott, S. K., Blank, C. C., Rosen, S. & Wise, R. J. S. Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe. Brain123, 2400–2406 (2000). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lindenberg, R. & Scheef, L. Supramodal language comprehension: role of the left temporal lobe for listening and reading. Neuropsychologia45, 2407–2415 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Marinkovic K. et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of modality-specific and supramodal word processing. Neuron28, 487–497 (2003). This paper demonstrated the potential of MEG to map the early temporal sequence of regional activation in a semantic paradigm. Auditory and visual stimuli each initially engaged their respective sensory cortices but ultimately the activation from each converged on the anterior temporal lobes. Article Google Scholar
Grabowski, T. J. et al. A role for left temporal pole in the retrieval of words for unique entities. Hum. Brain Mapp.13, 199–212 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gorno-Tempini, M. L. & Price, C. J. Identification of famous faces and buildings: a functional neuroimaging study of semantically unique items. Brain124, 2087–2097 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakamura, K. et al. Functional delineation of the human occipito-temporal areas related to face and scene processing: a PET study. Brain123, 1903–1912 (2000). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gorno-Tempini, M. L. et al. The neural systems sustaining face and proper-name processing. Brain121, 2103–2118 (1998). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tsukiura, T., Mochizuki-Kawai, H. & Fujii, T. Dissociable roles of the bilateral anterior temporal lobe in face-name associations: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage30, 617–626 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nakamura, K., et al. Neural substrates for recognition for familiar voices: a PET study. Neuropsychologia39, 1047–1054 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Snowden, J. S., Thompson, J. C. & Neary D. Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia. Brain4, 860–872 (2004). Article Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Graham, N. & Patterson, K. Charting the progression in semantic dementia: implications for the organisation of semantic memory. Memory3, 463–495 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K. & Tyler, L. K. Loss of semantic memory: implications for the modularity of mind. Cogn. Neuropsychol.11, 505–542 (1994). Article Google Scholar
Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Hodges, J. R. & Patterson, K. Natural selection: the impact of semantic impairment on lexical and object decision. Cogn. Neuropsychol.21, 331–352 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Patterson, K. & Erzinçlioglu, S. in Drawing and Non-Verbal Intelligence (eds Lange-Kuettner, C. & Vinter, A.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, in the press).
Rogers, T. T. & Patterson, K. Object categorization: reversals and explanations of the basic-level advantage. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 136, 451–469 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Cipolotti, L. & Price, C. J. Category differences in brain activation studies: where do they come from? Proc. Biol. Sci.267, 1253–1258 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gauthier, I., Anderson, A. W., Tarr, M. J., Skudlarski, P. & Gore, J. C. Levels of categorization in visual recognition studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Curr. Biol.7, 645–651 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tyler, L. K. et al. Processing objects at different levels of specificity. J. Cogn. Neurosci.16, 351–362 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Buxbaum, L. J. & Saffran, E. M. Knowledge of object manipulation and object function: dissociations in apraxic and nonapraxic subjects. Brain Lang.82, 179–199 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chao, L. L. & Martin, A. Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. Neuroimage12, 478–484 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K. & Spatt, J. The role of conceptual knowledge in object use: evidence from semantic dementia. Brain123, 1913–1925 (2000). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K. & Hodges, J. R. When objects lose their meaning: what happens to their use? Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.2, 236–251 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Adlam, A. L. et al. Semantic dementia and fluent primary progressive aphasia: two sides of the same coin? Brain129, 3066–80 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rogers, T. T., Patterson, K. & Graham, K. S. Colour knowledge in semantic dementia: it's not all black and white. Neuropsychologia (in the press).
Rogers, T. T. & McClelland, J. L. Semantic Cognition: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach (MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 2004). The general theory of human semantic abilities described in this book explains how we come to know which properties are important for representing which concepts, and why this ability may critically depend upon neuroanatomical convergence within the cortical semantic network. Book Google Scholar
Plaut, D. C. Graded modality-specific specialization in semantics: a computational account of optic aphasia. Cogn. Neuropsychol.19, 603–639 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Macario, J. F. Young children's use of color in classification: foods and canonically colored objects. Cogn. Dev.6, 17–46 (1991). Article Google Scholar
Gelman, R. & Williams, E. M. in Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. II: Cognition, Perception and Development (eds Kuhn, D. & Siegler, R.) 575–530 (Wiley, New York, 1998). Google Scholar
Keil, F. C. Concepts, Kinds and Cognitive Development (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1989). Google Scholar
Murphy, G. L. & Medin, D. L. The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychol. Rev.92, 289–316 (1985). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rogers, T. T. et al. Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: a neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychol. Rev.111, 205–235 (2004). This paper describes a model implementation of the distributed-plus-hub theory and uses the model to explain many different aspects of the semantic impairment observed in semantic dementia. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Garrard, P., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Hodges, J. R. & Patterson, K. Prototypicality, distinctiveness and intercorrelation: analyses of the semantic attributes of living and nonliving items. Cogn. Neuropsychol.18, 125–174 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S. & Funnell, E. Semantic dementia: progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain115, 1783–1806 (1992). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Patterson, K. et al. 'Pre-semantic' cognition in semantic dementia: six deficits in search of an explanation. J. Cogn. Neurosci.18, 169–183 (2006). This paper demonstrates that the amodal semantic deficit in semantic dementia produces the same pattern of impaired performance across a range of tasks differing in modality of input and output. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gloor, P. The Temporal Lobe and Limbic System (OUP, New York, 1997). Google Scholar
Hickok, G. & Poeppel, D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Rev. Neurosci.8, 393–402 (2007). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. & Spezio, M. Role of the amygdala in processing social stimuli. Prog. Brain Res.156, 363–378 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Martin, A. & Chao, L. L. Semantic memory and the brain: structure and processes. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.11, 194–201 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G. & Vanderwart, M. A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity and visual complexity. J. Exp. Psychol.6, 174–215 (1980). CAS Google Scholar
Howard, D. & Patterson, K. Pyramids and Palm Trees: A Test of Semantic Access from Pictures and Words. (Thames Valley test Co., Bury St Edmunds, UK, 1992) Google Scholar
Binder, J. R. et al. Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds. Cereb. Cortex10, 512–528 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Scott, S. K., Rosen, S., Lang, H. & Wise, R. J. Neural correlates of intelligibility in speech investigated with noise vocoded-speech—-a positron emission tomography study. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.120, 1075–1083 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ferstl, E. C., Rinck, M. & von Cramon, D. Y. Emotional and temporal aspects of situation model processing during text comprehension: an event-related fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci.17, 724–739 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Noppeney, U., Price, C. J., Duncan, J. S. & Koepp, M. J. Reading skills after left anterior temporal lobe resection: an fMRI study. Brain128, 1377–1385 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Devlin, J. T. et al. Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies in PET and fMRI. Neuropsychologia40, 54–75 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Noppeney, U. & Price, C. J. Retrieval of visual, auditory, and abstract semantics. Neuroimage15, 917–926 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Papathanassiou, D. et al. A common language network for comprehension and production: a contribution to the definition of language epicentres with PET. Neuroimage11, 347–357 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tranel, D., Grabowski, T. J., Lyon, J. & Damasio, H. Naming the same entities from visual or from auditory stimulation engages similar regions of left inferotemporal cortices. J. Cogn. Neurosci.17, 1293–1305 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Binder, J. R., Westbury, C. F., McKiernan, K. A., Possing, E. T. & Medler, D. A. Distinct brain systems for processing concrete and abstract concepts. J. Cogn. Neurosci.17, 905–917 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mummery, C. J., Shallice, T. & Price, C. J. Dual-process model in semantic priming: a functional imaging perspective. Neuroimage9, 516–525 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Small, D. M., Jones-Gotman, M., Zatorre, R. J., Petrides, M. & Evans A. C. A role for the right anterior temporal lobe in taste quality recognition. J. Neurosci.17, 5136–5142 (1997). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Simons, J. S., Koutstaal, W., Prince, S., Wagner, A. & Schacter, D. Neural mechanisms of visual object priming: evidence for perceptual and semantic distinctions in fusiform cortex. Neuroimage19, 613–626 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vuilleumier, P., Henson, R. N., Driver, J. & Dolan, R. J. Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming. Nature Neurosci.5, 491–499 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Phillips, J. A., Humphreys, G. W., Noppeney, U. & Price, C. J. The neural substrates of action retrieval: an examination of semantic and visual routes to action. Vis. Cogn.9, 662–684 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Brett, M. The MNI brain and the Talairach atlas. MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit [online] (2002). Google Scholar