Climate politics, metaphors and the fractal carbon trap (original) (raw)

References

  1. Shimko, K. L. Metaphors and foreign policy decision making. Polit. Psychol. 15, 655–671 (1994).
    Google Scholar
  2. Hajer, M. A. The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process (Clarendon, 1995).
  3. Schlesinger, M. & Lau, R. R. The meaning and measure of policy metaphors. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 94, 611–626 (2000).
    Google Scholar
  4. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (Univ. Chicago Press, 1980).
  5. Bougher, L. D. The case for metaphor in political reasoning and cognition. Polit. Psychol. 33, 145–163 (2012).
    Google Scholar
  6. Shaw, C. & Nerlich, B. Metaphor as a mechanism of global climate change governance: a study of international policies, 1992–2012. Ecol. Econ. 109, 34–40 (2015).
    Google Scholar
  7. Keohane, R. O. & Victor, D. G. Cooperation and discord in global climate policy. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 570–575 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  8. Barrett, S. Environment and Statecraft (Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).
  9. Peters, S. Beyond carbon budgets. Nat. Geosci. 11, 378–380 (2018).
    CAS Google Scholar
  10. Geden, O. Politically informed advice for climate action. Nat. Geosci. 11, 380–383 (2018).
    CAS Google Scholar
  11. Victor, D. G. Global Warming Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011).
  12. Depledge, J. The opposite of learning: ossification in the climate change regime. Glob. Environ. Polit. 6, 1–22 (2006).
    Google Scholar
  13. Falkner, R. The Paris agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. Int. Aff. 92, 1107–1125 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  14. Beiser-McGrath, L. F. & Bernauer, T. Commitment failures are unlikely to undermine public support for the Paris agreement. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 248 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  15. Mildenberger, M. Support for climate unilateralism. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 187–188 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  16. Hsu, A. et al. A Research roadmap for quantifying non-state and subnational climate mitigation action. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 11–17 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  17. Hale, T. _The Role of Sub-State and Nonstate Actors in International Climate Processe_s Research Paper (Chatham House, 2018).
  18. Unruh, G. C. Understanding carbon lock-in. Energy Policy 28, 817–830 (2000).
    Google Scholar
  19. Seto, K. C. et al. Carbon lock-in: types, causes, and policy implications. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 425–452 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  20. Farmer, J. D. et al. Sensitive intervention points in the post-carbon transition. Science 364, 132–134 (2019).
    CAS Google Scholar
  21. Duit, A. & Galaz, V. Governance and complexity — emerging issues for governance theory. Governance 21, 311–335 (2008).
    Google Scholar
  22. Bak, P. & Creutz, M. in Fractals in Science (eds Bunde, A. & Havlin, S.) 27–48 (Springer, 1994).
  23. Barrett, C. B. & Swallow, B. M. Fractal poverty traps. World Dev. 34, 1–15 (2006).
  24. Chettiparamb, A. Complexity theory and planning: examining ‘fractals’ for organising policy domains in planning practice. Plann. Theor. 13, 5–25 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  25. De Florio, V. et al. Models and concepts for socio‐technical complex systems: towards fractal social organizations. Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 30, 750–772 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  26. Perey, R. Organizing sustainability and the problem of scale: local, global, or fractal? Organ. Environ. 27, 215–222 (2014).
    Google Scholar
  27. Meadowcroft, J. What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sci. 42, 323–340 (2009).
    Google Scholar
  28. Geels, F. W. Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective. Res. Pol. 39, 495–510 (2010).
    Google Scholar
  29. Princen, T., Manno, J. P. & Martin, P. L. (eds) Ending the Fossil Fuel Era (MIT Press, 2015).
  30. Pathways to Deep Decarbonization (SDSN, 2014); http://deepdecarbonization.org
  31. Bulkeley, H. A. et al. Transnational Climate Change Governance (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).
  32. Jordan, A., Huitema, D., Van Asselt, H. & Forster, J. (eds) Governing Climate Change: Polycentricity in Action? (Cambridge Univ. Press 2018).
  33. Widerberg, O. & Stripple, J. The expanding field of cooperative initiatives for decarbonization: a review of five databases. WIREs Clim. Change 7, 486–500 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  34. Overdevest, C. & Zeitlin, J. Assembling an experimentalist regime: transnational governance interactions in the forest sector. J. Gov. Regul. 8, 22–48 (2014).
    Google Scholar
  35. De Búrca, G., Keohane, R. O. & Sabel, C. Global experimentalist governance. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 44, 477–486 (2014).
    Google Scholar
  36. Bulkeley, H. & Castán Broto, V. Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 38, 361–375 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  37. Hoffmann, M. Climate Governance at the Crossroads: Experimenting with a Global Response after Kyoto (Oxford Univ. Press, 2011).
  38. Romero-Lankao, P. et al. Urban transformative potential in a changing climate. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 754 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  39. Betsill, M. & Bulkeley, H. Looking back and thinking ahead: a decade of cities and climate change research. Local Environ. 12, 447–456 (2007).
    Google Scholar
  40. Rabe, B. G. Can We Price Carbon? (MIT Univ. Press, 2018).
  41. Webb, M. Smart 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age (The Climate Group, 2008).
  42. Lade, S., Hader, J., Engström, J. & Schlüter, M. Resilience offers escape from trapped thinking on poverty alleviation. Sci. Adv. 3, e1603043 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  43. Geroski, P. A. Models of technology diffusion. Res. Policy 29, 603–625 (2000).
    Google Scholar
  44. Kauffman, S. At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-organization and Complexity (Oxford Univ. Press, 1996).
  45. Juarrero, A. Dynamics in action: intentional behavior as a complex system. Emergence 2, 24–57 (2000).
    Google Scholar
  46. Levin, S. et al. Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: modeling and policy implications. Environ. Dev. Econ. 18, 111–132 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  47. Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S. & Auld, G. Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sci. 45, 123–152 (2012).
    Google Scholar
  48. Newell, P. Trasformismo or transformation? The global political economy of energy transitions. Rev. Int. Pol. Econ. 26, 25–48 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  49. Geels, F. W. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective. Theory Cult. Soc. 31, 21–40 (2014).
    Google Scholar
  50. Bernstein, S. & Hoffmann, M. The politics of decarbonization and the catalytic impact of subnational experiments. Policy Sci. 51, 189–211 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  51. Meckling, J., Kelsey, N., Biber, E. & Zysman, J. Winning coalitions for climate policy. Science 349, 1170–1171 (2015).
    CAS Google Scholar
  52. Breetz, H., Mildenberger, M. & Stokes, L. The political logics of clean energy transitions. Bus. Polit. 20, 492–522 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  53. Green, F. Anti-fossil fuel norms. Climatic Change 150, 103–116 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  54. Buschmann, P. & Oels, A. The overlooked role of discourse in breaking carbon lock-in: the case of the German energy transition. WIREs Clim. Change 574, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.574 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  55. Boisvert, N. Metrolinx removes electric vehicle chargers from GO station parking lots. CBC go.nature.com/30MeHu7 (10 January 2019).
  56. Benzie, R. Tesla wins lawsuit against Ontario government over phase-out of electric vehicle incentives. The Star go.nature.com/30WUiCl (27 August 2018).
  57. Gorzelaney, J. Here’s which automakers will suffer if Trump ends electric car tax credits. Forbes go.nature.com/2LSshHP (10 December 2018).
  58. Andrews-Speed, P. Applying institutional theory to the low-carbon energy transition. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 13, 216–225 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  59. Lockwood, M., Kuzemko, C., Mitchell, C. & Hoggett, R. Historical institutionalism and the politics of sustainable energy transitions: a research agenda. Environ. Plann. C 35, 312–333 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  60. Maniates, M. F. Individualization: plant a tree, buy a bike, save the world? Glob. Environ. Polit. 1, 31–52 (2001).
    Google Scholar
  61. Wapner, P. & Willoughby, J. The irony of environmentalism: the ecological futility but political necessity of lifestyle change. Ethics Int. Aff. 19, 77–89 (2005).
    Google Scholar
  62. DeSombre, E. Why Do Good People Do Bad Environmental Things? (Oxford Univ Press, 2018).
  63. Stokes, L. C. The politics of renewable energy policies: the case of feed-in tariffs in Ontario, Canada. Energy Policy 56, 490–500 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  64. Miner, J. The Mainstreet Research survey suggests an even split in public opinion about Ontario’s embrace of wind energy. The London Free Press go.nature.com/2Mixloc (8 June 2016).
  65. Carbon pricing: rebate announcement tips opinion in favour of federal plan, slim majority now support it. Angus Reid Institute go.nature.com/2MlVIB7 (1 November 2018).
  66. Keith, D. W. Geoengineering. Nature 409, 420 (2001).
    CAS Google Scholar
  67. Keith, D. W., Wagner, G. & Zabel, C. L. Solar geoengineering reduces atmospheric carbon burden. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 617 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  68. Givens, J. E. Geoengineering in context. Nat. Sustain. 1, 459 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  69. Bennett, E. M. et al. Bright spots: seeds of a good Anthropocene. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 441–448 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  70. Wettengel, J. Climate goal failure warrants high Energiewende priority — gov advisors. Clean Energy Wire go.nature.com/2nnS5Cj (27 June 2018).
  71. Sixth ‘Energy Transition’ Monitoring Report: The Energy of the Future. Reporting Year 2016 — Summary (German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy, 2018); go.nature.com/30ZlJfa
  72. Cunningham, T., Hedberg, A., Nazakat, S. & Yao, L. Assessing the Energiewende: An International Expert Review (Konrad Adenaeur Stiftung, 2018); go.nature.com/2LVgGru
  73. Meckling, J. (2019). Governing renewables: policy feedback in a global energy transition. Environ. Plann. C. 37, 317–338 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  74. Alizada, K. Rethinking the diffusion of renewable energy policies: a global assessment of feed-in tariffs and renewable portfolio standards. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 44, 346–361 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  75. Boasson, E. Constitutionalization and entrepreneurship: explaining increased EU steering of renewables support schemes. Polit. Gov. 7, 70–80 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  76. Global EV Outlook 2018 (IEA, 2018); https://www.iea.org/topics/transport/evi/
  77. Figenbaum, E. & Kolbenstvedt, M. Electromobility in Norway — Experiences and Opportunities with Electric Vehicles (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2013).
  78. Charles, D. A small spark from Bellona fuels Norway’s eco-friendly car explosion. Bellona Foundation go.nature.com/2IucEEy (8 January 2018).
  79. Clean Energy Ministerial EV30@30 Campaign (IEA, 2017).
  80. Danish Motor Vehicle Taxes (Danish Ecological Council, no date).
  81. Electric vehicles summit 2019 in Norway: Ukraine is learning from the leaders. NUCC go.nature.com/2IrqS91 (22 March 2019).
  82. Wappelhorst, S. & Tietge, U. Iceland is one of the world’s most interesting electric vehicle markets. ICCT https://www.theicct.org/blog/staff/iceland-ev-market-201807 (9 July 2019).
  83. Lemphers, N. Rolling the Snowball: Norway’s Efforts to Electrify Transportation Working Paper 19-2 (EGL, 2019).
  84. Global Climate Change Report 2015 (CDP, 2015); go.nature.com/30Pbr13
  85. Tang, S. & Demeritt, D. Climate change and mandatory carbon reporting: Impacts on business process and performance. Bus. Strategy Environ. 27, 437–455 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  86. Global 500 Report 2011 (CDP, 2011); go.nature.com/2AM24o6
  87. PRI, ICGN launch discussion paper on corporate ESG reporting. PRI go.nature.com/2pSAhAh (18 October 2018).
  88. Portfolio Decarbonization Coalition United Nations Environment Program https://www.unepfi.org/climate-change/pdc/ (no date).
  89. Commit to adopt a science-based emissions reduction target to generate the innovations needed to transition to a low-carbon, sustainable economy. CDP https://www.cdp.net/en/campaigns/commit-to-action/science-based-targets (no date).
  90. Putting a Price on Carbon (CDP, 2017); go.nature.com/2Me2RDu
  91. Climate Change Disclosure in G20 Countries (OECD, 2015); go.nature.com/2ViSoLp
  92. Pahle, M. et al. Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 861–867 (2018).
    Google Scholar
  93. van der Ven, H. et al. Valuing the contributions of nonstate and subnational actors to climate governance. Glob. Environ. Polit. 17, 1–20 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  94. Betsill, M. & Stevis, D. The politics and dynamics of energy transitions: lessons from Colorado’s ‘new energy economy’. Environ. Plann. C 24, 381–396 (2016).
    Google Scholar
  95. Hagmann, D., Ho, E. H. & Loewenstein, G. Nudging out support for a carbon tax. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 484–489 (2019).
  96. Johnsen, T. J. Norway’s Electric Vehicle Policies (Environment Oslo, 2017).
  97. Emissions to Air (Statistisk sentralbyrå, 2018); https://www.ssb.no/en/klimagassn
  98. Klöckner, C. A., Nayum, A. & Mehmetoglu, M. Positive and negative spillover effects from electric car purchase to car use. Transp. Res. D 21, 32–38 (2013).
    Google Scholar
  99. Knudsen, C., Doyle, A. Norway powers ahead (electrically): over half new car sales now electric or hybrid. Reuters (3 January 2018).
  100. Le Quere, C. et al. Drivers of declining CO2 emissions in 18 developed economies. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 213–217 (2019).
    Google Scholar
  101. Stafford-Smith, M. et al. Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustain. Sci. 12, 911–919 (2017).
    Google Scholar
  102. Haley, B. From staples trap to carbon trap: Canada’s peculiar form of carbon lock-in. Stud. Polit. Econ. 88, 97–132 (2011).
    Google Scholar

Download references