GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet392, 1923–1994 (2018). Article Google Scholar
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCR-RisC). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature582, 73–77 (2020). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hulman, A. et al. Effect of secular trends on age-related trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors: the Whitehall II longitudinal study 1985–2009. Int. J. Epidemiol.43, 866–877 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Finger, J. D. et al. Time trends in cardiometabolic risk factors in adults. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int.113, 712–719 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Barquera, S. et al. Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arch. Med. Res.46, 328–338 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vancheri, F., Backlund, L., Strender, L. E., Godman, B. & Wettermark, B. Time trends in statin utilisation and coronary mortality in Western European countries. BMJ Open6, e010500 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mortensen, M. B., Falk, E. & Schmidt, M. Twenty-year nationwide trends in statin utilization and expenditure in Denmark. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes10, e003811 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Salami, J. A. et al. National trends in statin use and expenditures in the US adult population from 2002 to 2013: insights from the medical expenditure panel survey. JAMA Cardiol.2, 56–65 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pencina, M. J. et al. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N. Engl. J. Med.370, 1422–1431 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mortensen, M. B. & Nordestgaard, B. G. 2019 vs. 2016 ESC/EAS statin guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur. Heart J.41, 3005–3015 (2020). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chow, C. K. et al. Availability and affordability of medicines and cardiovascular outcomes in 21 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries. BMJ Glob. Health5, e002640 (2020). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Baik, I. Dietary and modifiable factors contributing to hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia prevalence in nationwide time series data and the implications for primary prevention strategies. Nutr. Res. Pract.14, 62–69 (2020). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Noubiap, J. J. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among adults in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health6, e998–e1007 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Venkitachalam, L. et al. Global variation in the prevalence of elevated cholesterol in outpatients with established vascular disease or 3 cardiovascular risk factors according to national indices of economic development and health system performance. Circulation125, 1858–1869 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, A., Klempfner, R. & Fisman, E. Z. Hypertriglyceridemia: a too long unfairly neglected major cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiovasc. Diabetol.13, 159 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Lin, C. F., Chang, Y. H., Chien, S. C., Lin, Y. H. & Yeh, H. Y. Epidemiology of dyslipidemia in the Asia Pacific region. Int. J. Gerontol.12, 2–6 (2018). Article Google Scholar
Aekplakorn, W. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and management in the Thai population, National Health Examination Survey IV, 2009. J. Lipids2014, 249584 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Zhang, M. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in Chinese adults: a nationally representative survey of 163,641 adults. Int. J. Cardiol.260, 196–203 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wu, N. Q. et al. Statins usage and target achievement of LDL-C level in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease impacted by 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline. IJC Metab. Endoc.14, 33–37 (2017). Article Google Scholar
Patel, S. A. et al. Is the “South Asian phenotype” unique to South Asians? Comparing cardiometabolic risk factors in the CARRS and NHANES studies. Glob. Heart11, 89–96 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gupta, R. et al. Gender differences in 7 years trends in cholesterol lipoproteins and lipids in India: insights from a hospital database. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.20, 211–218 (2016). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yokoyama, S. Trend of HDL increase among Japanese people continues in National Health and Nutrition Survey. J. Atheroscler. Thromb.25, 554–556 (2018). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Supiyev, A. et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia in older persons in urban and rural population in the Astana region, Kazakhstan. BMC Public Health17, 651 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Yan, B. P., Tomlinson, B. & Lee, V. W. Is lipid goal one-size-fits-all: a review of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets in Asian patients. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.26, 1496–1506 (2019). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Traina, M. I., Almahmeed, W., Edris, A. & Murat Tuzcu, E. Coronary heart disease in the Middle East and North Africa: current status and future goals. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.19, 24 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mokdad, A. H. et al. The state of health in the Arab world, 1990–2010: an analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet383, 309–320 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Al Rasadi, K. et al. Dyslipidaemia in the Middle East: current status and a call for action. Atherosclerosis252, 182–187 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bayram, F. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in Turkish adults. J. Clin. Lipidol.8, 206–216 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Al-Hassnan, Y. T., Fabella, E. L., Estrella, E. & Aatif, M. Prevalence and determinants of dyslipidemia: data from a Saudi university clinic. Open Public Health J.11, 416–424 (2018). Article Google Scholar
Gehani, A. A. et al. Association of risk factors with acute myocardial infarction in Middle Eastern countries: the INTERHEART Middle East study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.21, 400–410 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Noubiap, J. J. et al. Genetic determinants of dyslipidemia in African-based populations: a systematic review. OMICS22, 749–758 (2018). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Oguoma, V. M. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening. BMC Public Health15, 397 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Reiger, S. et al. Awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in rural South Africa: the HAALSI (Health and Aging in Africa: a Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH community in South Africa) study. PLoS ONE12, e0187347 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Lopez, A. D. & Adair, T. Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? Evidence from national vital statistics. Int. J. Epidemiol.48, 1815–1823 (2019). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D. & Nguyen, D. T. High total and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief.290, 1–8 (2017). Google Scholar
Palmer, M. K. & Toth, P. P. Trends in lipids, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus in the United States: an NHANES analysis (2003–2004 to 2013–2014). Obesity27, 309–314 (2019). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Carroll, M. D., Kruszon-Moran, D. & Tolliver, E. Trends in apolipoprotein B, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for adults aged 20 and over, 2005–2016. Natl Health Stat. Rep.127, 1–16 (2019). Google Scholar
Asghari, S. et al. Single and mixed dyslipidaemia in Canadian primary care settings: findings from the Canadian primary care sentinel surveillance network database. BMJ Open5, e007954 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2, 634–647 (2014). Article Google Scholar
Santoro, A., Glonti, K., Bertollini, R., Ricciardi, W. & McKee, M. Mapping health research capacity in 17 countries of the former Soviet Union and south-eastern Europe: an exploratory study. Eur. J. Public Health26, 349–354 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries. Int. J. Epidemiol.49, 173–192 (2020). Article Google Scholar
Popa, S. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with cardiometabolic factors and kidney function in the adult Romanian population: the PREDATORR study. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.13, 596–602 (2019). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pajak, A. et al. Changes in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias over 10 years in Poland: the WOBASZ study. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn.126, 642–652 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Meshkov, A. N. et al. Distribution of lipid profile values in economically active men and women in Russian Federation: results of the ESSE-RF study for the years 2012–2014. Cardiovasc. Ther. Prev.16, 62–67 (2017). Article Google Scholar
Romanov, V., Mitchenko, O., Chulaievska, N. & Chulaievska, I. Current lipid profile in the urban population of Ukraine [abstract]. Athersclerosis287, E193 (2019). Article Google Scholar
Carrillo-Larco, R. M. et al. A systematic review of population-based studies on lipid profiles in Latin America and the Caribbean. eLife9, e57980 (2020). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A. L. et al. Multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in the Southern Cone of Latin America: a population-based study in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Int. J. Cardiol.183, 82–88 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ponte-Negretti, C. I. et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment. Consensus. Rev. Mex. Cardiol.28, 54–85 (2017). Google Scholar
Ponte-Negretti, C. I. et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment: expert’s position paper made by The Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids (ALALIP) endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the South American Society of Cardiology (SSC), the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE), and the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS). Int. J. Cardiol.243, 516–522 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Santos, R. D., Bensenor, I. M., Pereira, A. C. & Lotufo, P. A. Dyslipidemia according to gender and race: the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). J. Clin. Lipidol.10, 1362–1368 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar