Potenza, M. N., Kosten, T. R. & Rounsaville, B. J. Pathological gambling. JAMA286, 141–144 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Blum, A. W. & Grant, J. E. Behavioral addictions and criminal responsibility. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law45, 464–471 (2017). PubMed Google Scholar
Easton, T. & Newell, S. Are daily fantasy sports gambling? J. Sports Analytics5, 35–43 (2019). Article Google Scholar
Marchica, L. & Derevensky, J. Fantasy sports: a growing concern among college student-athletes. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.14, 635–645 (2016). Article Google Scholar
King, D. L. & Delfabbro, P. H. Predatory monetization schemes in video games (for example, ‘loot boxes’) and internet gaming disorder. Addiction113, 1967–1969 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gainsbury, S. Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edn (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Weinstock, J., April, L. M. & Kallmi, S. Is subclinical gambling really subclinical? Addict. Behav.73, 185–191 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction101 (Suppl. 1), 142–151 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M., Koran, L. & Pallanti, S. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and impulse control disorders: a current understanding and future research directions. Psychiatry Res.170, 22–31 (2009). Together with Ref 12, this article provides a systematic review of domains that provided support for classifying GD as a behavioural addiction. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Custer, R. L. Profile of the pathological gambler. J. Clin. Psychiatry45, 35–38 (1984). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S. Natural recovery and treatment-seeking in pathological gambling: results of two U.S. national surveys. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 297–302 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gerstein, D. R. et al. Gambling Impact and Behavior Study: Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (National Opinion Research Center, 1999).
Dowling, N., Smith, D. & Thomas, T. Electronic gaming machines: are they the ‘crack cocaine’ of gambling? Addiction100, 33–45 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chambers, R. A. & Potenza, M. N. Schizophrenia and pathological gambling. Am. J. Psychiatry158, 497–498 (2001). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yakovenko, I., Fortgang, R., Prentice, J., Hoff, R. A. & Potenza, M. N. Correlates of frequent gambling and gambling-related chasing behaviors in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. J. Behav. Addict.7, 375–383 (2018). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Wood, R., Hing, N. & Blaszczynski, A. How risky is Internet gambling? A comparison of subgroups of Internet gamblers based on problem gambling status. New Media Soc.17, 861–879 (2015). Article Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S., Blaszczynski, A. & Martin, N. G. Sex differences in the rates of recovery, treatment-seeking, and natural recovery in pathological gambling: results from an Australian community-based twin survey. Twin Res. Hum. Genet.12, 425–432 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shaffer, H., Hall, M. N. & Vander Bilt, J. Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling in the United States and Canada: a research synthesis. Am. J. Publ. Health89, 1369–1376 (1999). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S. & Thomas, S. A. Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. Addiction106, 490–498 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wardle, H. et al. British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 2011).
Erbas, B. & Buchner, U. G. Pathological gambling: prevalence, diagnosis, comorbidity, and intervention in Germany. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int.109, 173–179 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Delfabbro, P. & King, D. Gambling in Australia: experiences, problems, research and policy. Addiction107, 1556–1561 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wong, I. L. & So, E. M. Prevalence estimates of problem and pathological gambling in Hong Kong. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 1353–1354 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Calado, F. & Griffiths, M. D. Problem gambling worldwide: an update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015). J. Behav. Addict.5, 592–613 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Stinchfield, R. & Volberg, R. An empirical evaluation of proposed changes for gambling diagnosis in the DSM-5. Addiction108, 575–581 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Denis, C., Fatseas, M. & Auriacombe, M. Analyses related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for substance use related disorders: 3. An assessment of pathological gambling criteria. Drug Alcohol Depend.122, 22–27 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Jin, C. & Grant, B. F. Concordance between gambling disorder diagnoses in the DSM-IV and DSM-5: results from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Disorders. Psychol. Addict. Behav.28, 586–591 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shaffer, H. & Hall, M. N. Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada. Can. J. Public Health92, 168–172 (2001). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S. & Grant, B. F. Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J. Clin. Psychiatry66, 564–574 (2005). This article provides prevalence estimates for DSM-IV pathological gambling and its co-occurrence with other psychiatric disorders in a large, nationally representative population in the United States. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C. et al. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol. Med.38, 1351–1360 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Levine, L., Kim, D. & Potenza, M. N. Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric populations. Am. J. Psychiatry162, 2184–2188 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cowlishaw, S. & Hakes, J. K. Pathological and problem gambling in substance use treatment: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Am. J. Addict.24, 467–474 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bruneau, M. et al. Gambling transitions among adult gamblers: a multi-state model using a Markovian approach applied to the JEU cohort. Addict. Behav.57, 13–20 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Kim, S. W. Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.108, 203–207 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weintraub, D. et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch. Neurol.67, 589–595 (2010). This article provides prevalence estimates for DSM-IV pathological gambling and other impulse-control disorders/behaviours in a large sample of individuals with Parkinson disease. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Santangelo, G., Barone, P., Trojano, L. & Vitale, C. Pathological gambling in Parkinson’s disease. A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.19, 645–653 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Desai, R., Desai, M. & Potenza, M. Gambling, health and age: data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol. Addict. Behav.21, 431–440 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Shaw, M., McCormick, B. & Allen, J. Pathological gambling: relationship to obesity, self-reported chronic medical conditions, poor lifestyle choices, and impaired quality of life. Compr. Psychiatry54, 97–104 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yip, S. W., White, M. A., Grilo, C. M. & Potenza, M. N. An exploratory study of clinical measures associated with subsyndromal pathological gambling in patients with binge eating disorder. J. Gambl. Stud27, 257–270 (2011). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blanco, C., Hasin, D. S., Petry, N., Stinson, F. S. & Grant, B. F. Sex differences in subclinical and DSM-IV pathological gambling: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol. Med.36, 943–953 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Worhunsky, P. D., Malison, R. T., Rogers, R. D. & Potenza, M. N. Altered neural correlates of reward and loss processing during simulated slot-machine fMRI in pathological gambling and cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol. Depend.145, 77–86 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yip, S. W. et al. Shared microstructural features of behavioral and substance addictions revealed in areas of crossing fibers. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging2, 188–195 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Xian, H., Giddens, J. L., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A. & Potenza, M. N. Environmental factors selectively impact co-occurrence of problem/pathological gambling with specific drug-use disorders in male twins. Addiction109, 635–644 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M. O. & Wieczorek, W. F. Predictors of problem gambling in the U.S. J. Gambl. Stud.33, 327–342 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: a systematic review of recent research. J. Gambl. Stud.33, 397–424 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Dowling, N. A. et al. Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clin. Psychol. Rev.51, 109–124 (2017). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. & Steinberg, K. L. Childhood maltreatment in male and female treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Psychol. Addict. Behav.19, 226–229 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chambers, R. A. & Potenza, M. N. Neurodevelopment, impulsivity, and adolescent gambling. J. Gambl. Stud.19, 53–84 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chambers, R. A., Taylor, J. R. & Potenza, M. N. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 1041–1052 (2003). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. et al. Gender-related differences in the characteristics of problem gamblers using a gambling helpline. Am. J. Psychiatry158, 1500–1505 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Valleur, M. et al. Towards a validation of the three pathways model of pathological gambling. J. Gambl. Stud.32, 757–771 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sacco, P., Torres, L. R., Cunningham-Williams, R. M., Woods, C. & Unick, G. J. Differential item functioning of pathological gambling criteria: an examination of gender, race/ethnicity, and age. J. Gambl. Stud.27, 317–330 (2011). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zakiniaeiz, Y., Cosgrove, K. P., Mazure, C. M. & Potenza, M. N. Does telescoping exist in male and female gamblers? Does it matter? Front. Psychol.8, 1510 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sharpe, L. & Tarrier, N. Towards a cognitive-behavioral theory of problem gambling. Br. J. Psychiatry162, 407–412 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sharpe, L. A reformulated cognitive-behavioral model of problem gambling: a biopsychosocial perspective. Clin. Psychol. Rev.22, 1–25 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, A. & Nower, L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction97, 487–499 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mader, J. An Evaluation of the Pathways Model of Problem Gambling Using the Quinte Longitudinal Dataset Thesis, Univ. Lethbridge (2017).
Ladouceur, R. et al. Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.189, 774–780 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clark, L., Studer, B., Bruss, J., Tranel, D. & Bechara, A. Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA111, 6098–6103 (2014). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Limbrick-Oldfield, E. H. et al. Neural substrates of cue reactivity and craving in gambling disorder. Transl Psychiatry7, e992 (2017). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Eisen, S., Neuman, R., Goldberg, J., Rice, J. & True, W. Determining zygosity in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry: an approach using questionnaires. Clin. Genet.35, 423–432 (1989). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Eisen, S. A. et al. Familial influences on gambling behavior: an analysis of 3359 twin pairs. Addiction93, 1375–1384 (1998). This article was the first to provide estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to pathological gambling. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N., Xian, H., Shah, K., Scherrer, J. F. & Eisen, S. A. Shared genetic contributions to pathological gambling and major depression in men. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry62, 1015–1021 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Giddens, J. L., Xian, H., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A. & Potenza, M. N. Shared genetic contributions to anxiety disorders and pathological gambling in a male population. J. Affect. Disord.132, 406–412 (2011). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Scherrer, J. F., Xian, H., Slutske, W. S., Eisen, S. A. & Potenza, M. N. Associations between obsessive-compulsive classes and pathological gambling in a national cohort of male twins. JAMA Psychiatry72, 342–349 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S. et al. Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry57, 666–674 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S., Zhu, G., Meier, M. H. & Martin, N. G. Genetic and environmental influences on disordered gambling in men and women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry67, 624–630 (2010). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Richmond-Rakerd, L. S., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C. & Martin, N. G. Genetic and environmental influences on the ages of drinking and gambling initiation: evidence for distinct aetiologies and sex differences. Addiction109, 323–331 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S., Cho, S. B., Piasecki, T. M. & Martin, N. G. Genetic overlap between personality and risk for disordered gambling: evidence from a national community-based Australian twin study. J. Abnorm. Psychol.122, 250–255 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S., Deutsch, A. R., Statham, D. J. & Martin, N. G. Local area disadvantage and gambling involvement and disorder: evidence for gene–environment correlation and interaction. J. Abnorm. Psychol.124, 606–622 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hillemacher, T. et al. Alterations in DNA-methylation of the dopamine-receptor 2 gene are associated with abstinence and health care utilization in individuals with a lifetime history of pathologic gambling. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry63, 30–34 (2015). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hillemacher, T. et al. Dopamine-receptor 2 gene-methylation and gambling behavior in relation to impulsivity. Psychiatry Res.239, 154–155 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yao, Y. H., Yip, S. W. & Potenza, M. N. in Principles of Addiction Medicine 5th edn (eds Ries, R. K., Fiellin, D. A., Miller, S. C. & Saitz, R.) (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).
Leeman, R. F. & Potenza, M. N. A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. Can. J. Psychiatry58, 260–273 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lobo, D. S. S. & Kennedy, J. L. Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities. Addiction104, 1454–1465 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lind, P. A. et al. Genome-wide association study of a quantitative disordered gambling trait. Addict. Biol.18, 511–522 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lang, M. et al. Genome-wide association study of pathological gambling. Eur. Psychiatry36, 38–46 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. et al. A proof of concept study of tolcapone for pathological gambling: relationships with COMT genotype and brain activation. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.23, 1587–1596 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yang, B. Z., Balodis, I. M., Lacadie, C. M., Xu, J. S. & Potenza, M. N. A. Preliminary study of DBH (encoding dopamine beta-hydroxylase) genetic variation and neural correlates of emotional and motivational processing in individuals with and without pathological gambling. J. Behav. Addict.5, 282–292 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Clark, L., Boileau, I. & Zack, M. Neuroimaging of reward mechanisms in gambling disorder: an integrative review. Mol. Psychiatry24, 674–693 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jessup, R. K. & O’Doherty, J. P. Human dorsal striatal activity during choice discriminates reinforcement learning behavior from the gambler’s fallacy. J. Neurosci.31, 6296–6304 (2011). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Luijten, M., Schellekens, A. F., Kühn, S., Machielse, M. W. J. & Sescousse, G. Disruption of reward processing in addiction: an image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry74, 387–398 (2017). This work is a meta-analysis showing similarities and differences in the neural correlates of reward processing in individuals with gambling and SUDs. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Koehler, S., Hasselmann, E., Wustenberg, T., Heinz, A. & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. Higher volume of ventral striatum and right prefrontal cortex in pathological gambling. Brain Struct. Funct.220, 469–477 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Contreras-Rodriguez, O. et al. Cocaine-specific neuroplasticity in the ventral striatum network are linked to delay discounting and drug relapse. Addiction110, 1953–1962 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Clark, L. et al. Striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in pathological gambling is correlated with mood-related impulsivity. Neuroimage63, 40–46 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lawrence, A. D., Brooks, D. J. & Whone, A. L. Ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicts financial extravagance in Parkinson’s disease. Front. Psychol.4, 90 (2013). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Boileau, I. et al. In vivo evidence for greater amphetamine-induced dopamine release in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]-(+)-PHNO. Mol. Psychiatry19, 1305–1313 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Boileau, I. et al. The D2/3 dopamine receptor in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin and [11C]raclopride. Addiction108, 953–963 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. Searching for replicable dopamine-related findings in gambling disorder. Biol. Psychiatry83, 984–986 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nutt, D. J., Lingford-Hughes, A., Erritzoe, D. & Stokes, P. R. The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.16, 305–312 (2015). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Molina, J. A. et al. Pathologic gambling in Parkinson’s disease: a behavioral manifestation of pharmacologic treatment? Mov Disord.15, 869–872 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Steeves, T. D. et al. Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11C]raclopride PET study. Brain132, 1376–1385 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weintraub, D. et al. Dopamine agonist use is associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Arch. Neurol.63, 969–973 (2006). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Joutsa, J. et al. Mesolimbic dopamine release is linked to symptom severity in pathological gambling. Neuroimage60, 1992–1999 (2012). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Worhunsky, P. D. et al. Regional and source-based patterns of [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding potential reveal concurrent alterations in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor availability in cocaine-use disorder. Neuroimage148, 343–351 (2017). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Heinz, A. et al. Correlation between dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am. J. Psychiatry161, 1783–1789 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Volkow, N. D. et al. Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature386, 830–833 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mick, I. et al. Blunted endogenous opioid release following an oral amphetamine challenge in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology41, 1742–1750 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Allain, F., Minogianis, E. A., Roberts, D. C. & Samaha, A. N. How fast and how often: the pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.56, 166–179 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. et al. Gambling urges in pathological gambling: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry60, 828–836 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Reuter, J. et al. Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nat. Neurosci.8, 147–148 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. et al. An FMRI Stroop task study of ventromedial prefrontal cortical function in pathological gamblers. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 1990–1994 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
de Ruiter, M. B. et al. Response perseveration and ventral prefrontal sensitivity to reward and punishment in male problem gamblers and smokers. Neuropsychpharmacology34, 1027–1038 (2009). Article Google Scholar
Balodis, I. M. et al. Diminished frontostriatal activity during processing of monetary rewards and losses in pathological gambling. Biol. Psychiatry71, 749–757 (2012). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kennerley, S. W., Behrens, T. E. & Wallis, J. D. Double dissociation of value computations in orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate neurons. Nat. Neurosci.14, 1581–1589 (2011). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wallis, J. D. & Kennerley, S. W. Contrasting reward signals in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1239, 33–42 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van Holst, R. J., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J. & Goudriaan, A. E. Why gamblers fail to win: a review of cognitive and neuroimaging findings in pathological gambling. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.34, 87–107 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cohen, M. X., Krohn-Grimberghe, A., Elger, C. E. & Weber, B. Dopamine gene predicts the brain’s response to dopaminergic drug. Eur. J. Neurosci.26, 3652–3660 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Verdejo-Garcia, A. et al. Neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in cocaine and gambling addictions. Br. J. Psychiatry207, 158–164 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Worhunsky, P. D., Potenza, M. N. & Rogers, R. D. Alterations in functional brain networks associated with loss-chasing in gambling disorder and cocaine-use disorder. Drug Alcohol. Depend.178, 363–371 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
van Holst, R. J., Chase, H. W. & Clark, L. Striatal connectivity changes following gambling wins and near-misses: associations with gambling severity. Neuroimage Clin.5, 232–239 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Miedl, S. F., Peters, J. & Buchel, C. Altered neural reward representations in pathological gamblers revealed by delay and probability discounting. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry69, 177–186 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Beck, A. et al. Ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation correlates with impulsivity in alcoholics. Biol. Psychiatry66, 734–742 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Andrews, M. M. et al. Individuals family history positive for alcoholism show functional magnetic resonance imaging differences in reward sensitivity that are related to impulsivity factors. Biol. Psychiatry69, 675–683 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Craig, A. D. How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.10, 59–70 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G. & Mueller, E. M. Brain–heart coupling at the P300 latency is linked to anterior cingulate cortex and insula — a cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing study. Biol. Psychol.94, 185–191 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kober, H. et al. Brain activity during cocaine craving and gambling urges: an fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology41, 628–637 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Contreras-Rodriguez, O. et al. Increased corticolimbic connectivity in cocaine dependence versus pathological gambling is associated with drug severity and emotion-related impulsivity. Addict. Biol.21, 709–718 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F. & Gray, N. Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron61, 481–490 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Brevers, D. et al. Comfort for uncertainty in pathological gamblers: a fMRI study. Behav. Brain Res.278, 262–270 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Verdejo-Garcia, A., Clark, L. & Dunn, B. D. The role of interoception in addiction: a critical review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.36, 1857–1869 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Dedovic, K., Duchesne, A., Andrews, J., Engert, V. & Pruessner, J. C. The brain and the stress axis: the neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress. Neuroimage47, 864–871 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Guitart-Masip, M., Talmi, D. & Dolan, R. Conditioned associations and economic decision biases. Neuroimage53, 206–214 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shohamy, D., Myers, C. E., Hopkins, R. O., Sage, J. & Gluck, M. A. Distinct hippocampal and basal ganglia contributions to probabilistic learning and reversal. J. Cogn. Neurosci.21, 1821–1833 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rahman, A. S., Xu, J. & Potenza, M. N. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumetric differences in pathological gambling: a preliminary study of the associations with the behavioral inhibition system. Neuropsychopharmacology39, 738–745 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van Holst, R. J., Veltman, D. J., Buchel, C., van den Brink, W. & Goudriaan, A. E. Distorted expectancy coding in problem gambling: is the addictive in the anticipation? Biol. Psychiatry71, 741–748 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sescousse, G., Barbalat, G., Domenech, P. & Dreher, J. C. Imbalance in the sensitivity to different types of rewards in pathological gambling. Brain136, 2527–2538 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tschernegg, M. et al. Abnormalities of functional brain networks in pathological gambling: a graph-theoretical approach. Front. Hum. Neurosci.7, 625 (2013). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Naqvi, N. H., Gaznick, N., Tranel, D. & Bechara, A. The insula: a critical neural substrate for craving and drug seeking under conflict and risk. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1316, 53–70 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yip, S. W. et al. Gray-matter relationships to diagnostic and transdiagnostic features of drug and behavioral addictions. Addict. Biol.23, 394–402 (2018). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Joutsa, J., Saunavaara, J., Parkkola, R., Niemela, S. & Kaasinen, V. Extensive abnormality of brain white matter integrity in pathological gambling. Psychiatry Res.194, 340–346 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van Holst, R. J., de Ruiter, M. B., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J. & Goudriaan, A. E. A voxel-based morphometry study comparing problem gamblers, alcohol abusers, and healthy controls. Drug Alcohol. Depend.124, 142–148 (2012). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zois, E. et al. Frontal cortex gray matter volume alterations in pathological gambling occur independently from substance use disorder. Addict. Biol.22, 864–872 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-W. et al. Functional and structural neural alterations in Internet gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.83, 313–324 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. et al. An overview of and rationale for changes proposed for pathological gambling in DSM-5. J. Gambl. Stud.30, 493–502 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edn (American Psychiatric Association, 1980).
Lesieur, H. & Blume, S. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am. J. Psychiatry144, 1184–1188 (1987). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edn, revised (American Psychiatric Association, 1987).
Shaffer, H., LaBrie, R., Scanlan, K. & Cummings, T. Pathological gambling among adolescents: Massachusetts Gambling Screen (MAGS). J. Gambl. Stud.10, 339–362 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Winters, K., Specker, S. & Stinchfield, R. in The Downside: Problem and Pathological Gambling (eds Marotta, J. J., Cornelius, J. A. & Eadington, W. R.) 143–148 (Univ. of Nevada, Reno, 2002).
Ferris, J. & Wynne, H. The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final Report (Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2001).
Ben-Tovim, D., Esterman, A., Tolchard, B. & Battersby, M. The Victorian Gambling Screen: Project Report (Victoria Research Panel, 2001).
Grant, B. F. et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol. Depend.71, 7–16 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C. & Üstün, T. B. The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res.13, 93–121 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Johnson, E. et al. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers. Psychol. Rep.80, 83–88 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Toce-Gerstein, M., Gerstein, D. & Volberg, R. The NODS–CLiP: a rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. J. Gambl. Stud.25, 514–555 (2009). Article Google Scholar
Volberg, R., Munck, I. & Petry, N. A quick and simple screening method for pathological and problem gamblers in addiction programs and practices. Am. J. Addict.20, 220–227 (2011). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gebauer, L., LaBrie, R. & Shaffer, H. Optimizing DSM-IV-TR classification accuracy: a brief biosocial screen for detecting current gambling disorders among gamblers in the general household population. Can. J. Psychiatry55, 82–90 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Room, R., Turner, N. & Ialomiteanu, A. Community effects of the opening of the Niagara casino. Addiction94, 1449–1466 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stinchfield, R. in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Disordered Gambling (eds Richard, D. C. S., Blaszczynski, A. & Nower, L.) 165–204 (John Wiley & Sons, 2014).
Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D. & Fulkerson, J. Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. J. Gambl. Stud.9, 63–84 (1993). Article Google Scholar
Fisher, S. Measuring pathological gambling in children: the case of fruit machines in the UK. J. Gambl. Stud.8, 263–285 (1992). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fisher, S. Developing the DSM-IV-MR-J criteria to identify adolescent problem gambling in non-clinical populations. J. Gambl. Stud.16, 253–273 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wiebe, J., Wynne, H., Stinchfield, R. & Tremblay, J. The Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI): Phase II Final Report (Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2007).
Derevensky, J. & Gupta, R. Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: a comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions. J. Gambl. Stud.16, 227–251 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sullivan, S. Don’t let an opportunity go by: validation of the EIGHT gambling screen. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.5, 381–389 (2007). Article Google Scholar
Weintraub, D. et al. Validation of the questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.24, 1461–1467 (2009). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, A. Harm Minimization Strategies in Gambling: An Overview of International Initiatives and Interventions (The Australian Gaming Council, 2002).
Gainsbury, S. M. Review of self-exclusion from gambling venues as an intervention for problem gambling. J. Gambl. Stud.30, 229–251 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nordmyr, J. & Österman, K. Raising the legal gambling age in Finland: problem gambling prevalence rates in different age groups among past-year gamblers pre- and post-implementation. Int. Gambl. Stud.16, 347–356 (2016). Article Google Scholar
Slutske, W. S., Piasecki, T. M., Blaszczynski, A. & Martin, N. G. Pathological gambling recovery in the absence of abstinence. Addiction105, 2169–2175 (2010). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Courtney, K. E., Ghahremani, D. G. & Ray, L. A. The effect of alcohol priming on neural markers of alcohol cue-reactivity. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse41, 300–308 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. & Stockwell, T. Alcohol dependence and the priming effect. Behav. Res. Ther.17, 379–387 (1979). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R. & Shaffer, H. A science-based framework for responsible gambling: the Reno model. J. Gambl. Stud.20, 301–317 (2004). This study presents an initial framework for responsible gambling guidelines. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
McCormick, A. V., Cohen, I. M. & Davies, G. Differential effects of formal and informal gambling on symptoms of problem gambling during voluntary self-exclusion. J. Gambl. Stud.34, 1013–1031 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nelson, S. E., Kleschinsky, J. H., LaBrie, R. A., Kaplan, S. & Shaffer, H. J. One decade of self exclusion: Missouri casino self-excluders four to ten years after enrollment. J. Gambl. Stud.26, 129–144 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ladouceur, R., Shaffer, P., Blaszczynski, A. & Shaffer, H. J. Responsible gambling: a synthesis of the empirical evidence. Addict. Res. Theory25, 225–235 (2017). Article Google Scholar
Hing, N., Sproston, K., Brook, K. & Brading, R. The structural features of sports and race betting inducements: issues for harm minimisation and consumer protection. J. Gambl. Stud.33, 685–704 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, A. A critical examination of the link between gaming machines and gambling-related harm. J. Gambl. Business Econ.7, 55–76 (2013). Google Scholar
St-Pierre, R., Walker, D., Derevensky, J. & Gupta, R. How availability and accessibility of gambling venues influence problem gambling: a review of the literature. Gaming Law Rev. Econ.8, 150–172 (2014). Google Scholar
Binde, P. Gambling Advertising: A Critical Research Review (The Responsible Gambling Trust, 2014).
Binde, P. A Bibliography of Empirical Studies on Gambling Advertising 2nd edn (University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 2018).
King, D. L., Russell, A., Gainsbury, S., Delfabbro, P. H. & Hing, N. The cost of virtual wins: an examination of gambling-related risks in youth who spend money on social casino games. J. Behav. Addict.5, 401–409 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, H. S., Wohl, M. J. A., Salmon, M. M., Gupta, R. & Derevensky, J. Do social casino gamers migrate to online gambling? An assessment of migration rate and potential predictors. J. Gambl. Stud.31, 1819–1831 (2015). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zendle, D. & Cairns, P. Video game loot boxes are linked to problem gambling: results of a large-scale survey. PLOS ONE13, e0206767 (2018). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. et al. Correlates of at-risk/problem Internet gambling in adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry50, 150–159 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bristow, L. A., Bilevicius, E., Stewart, S. H., Goldstein, A. L. & Keough, M. T. Solitary gambling mediates the risk pathway from anxiety sensitivity to excessive gambling: evidence from a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment study. Psychol. Addict. Behav.32, 689–696 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Williams, R. J., West, B. L. & Simpson, R. I. Prevention of Problem Gambling: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence and Identified Practices (Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2012).
Todirita, I. & Lupu, V. Gambling prevention program among children. J. Gambl. Stud.29, 161–169 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Campbell, C., Derevensky, J., Meerkamper, E. & Cutajar, J. The influence of cultural background on parental perceptions of adolescent gambling behaviour: a Canadian study. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.10, 537–550 (2012). Article Google Scholar
Derevensky, J., St-Pierre, R., Temcheff, C. & Gupta, R. Teacher awareness and attitudes regarding adolescent risky behaviours: is adolescent gambling perceived to be a problem? J. Gambl. Stud.30, 435–451 (2014). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Temcheff, C., Derevensky, J., St-Pierre, R., Gupta, R. & Martin, I. Beliefs and attitudes of mental health professionals with respect to gambling and other high risk behaviors in schools. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.12, 716–729 (2014). Article Google Scholar
LaPlante, D. A. & Shaffer, H. J. Understanding the influence of gambling opportunities: expanding exposure models to include adaptation. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry77, 616–623 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Walker, M. et al. Framework for reporting outcomes in problem gambling treatment research: the Banff, Alberta Consensus. Addiction101, 504–511 (2006). This work presents consensus guidelines for how best to assess for outcomes in trials testing treatments for GD. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pickering, D., Keen, B., Entwistle, G. & Blaszczynski, A. Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review. Addiction113, 411–426 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, R. M. & Brown, R. I. An outcome study of Gamblers Anonymous. Br. J. Psychiatry152, 284–288 (1988). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Peden, N. & Cassidy, E. The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: a prospective follow-up of recent quitters. J. Gambl. Stud.21, 255–271 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. Patterns and correlates of Gamblers Anonymous attendance in pathological gamblers seeking professional treatment. Addict. Behav.28, 1049–1062 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. Pathological Gambling: Etiology, Comorbidity and Treatment (American Psychological Association, 2005).
Ladouceur, R. et al. Group therapy for pathological gamblers: a cognitive approach. Behav. Res. Ther.41, 587–596 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R. & Boisvert, J. M. Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: a controlled study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.65, 727–732 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pallesen, S., Mitsem, M., Kvale, G., Johnsen, B. H. & Molde, H. Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysis. Addiction100, 1412–1422 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Ginley, M. K. & Rash, C. J. A systematic review of treatments for problem gambling. Psychol. Addict. Behav.31, 951 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Menchon, J., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F. & Jiménez-Murcia, S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Res.7, 434 (2018). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cowlishaw, S. et al. Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.11, CD008937 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Carlbring, P. & Smit, F. Randomized trial of Internet-delivered self-help with telephone support for pathological gamblers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.76, 1090–1094 (2008). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gamblers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.74, 555–567 (2006). This work is a large-scale randomized clinical trial demonstrating the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of DSM-IV pathological gambling. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. & Rollnick, S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior (Guilford Press, 1991).
Grant, J. E. et al. Imaginal desensitisation plus motivational interviewing for pathological gambling: randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry195, 266–267 (2009). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R. & el-Guebaly, N. Motivational enhancement and self-help treatments for problem gambling. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.69, 50–57 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S., el-Guebaly, N. & Peden, N. Brief motivational treatment for problem gambling: a 24-month follow-up. Psychol. Addict. Behav.18, 293–296 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R., Currie, G. & Fick, G. H. Randomized trial of brief motivational treatments for pathological gamblers: more is not necessarily better. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.77, 950–960 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R., el-Guebaly, N. & Diskin, K. M. Does providing extended relapse prevention bibliotherapy to problem gamblers improve outcome? J. Gambl. Stud.23, 41–54 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. A., Hodgins, D. C., Toneatto, T. & Murphy, M. A randomized controlled trial of a personalized feedback intervention for problem gamblers. PLOS ONE7, e31586 (2012). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. A., Hodgins, D. C., Toneatto, T., Rai, A. & Cordingley, J. Pilot study of a personalized feedback intervention for problem gamblers. Behav. Ther.40, 219–224 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Larimer, M. E. et al. Brief motivational feedback and cognitive behavioral interventions for prevention of disordered gambling: a randomized clinical trial. Addiction107, 1148–1158 (2012). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Weinstock, J., Morasco, B. J. & Ledgerwood, D. M. Brief motivational interventions for college student problem gamblers. Addiction104, 1569–1578 (2009). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Weinstock, J., Ledgerwood, D. M. & Morasco, B. A randomized trial of brief interventions for problem and pathological gamblers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.76, 318–328 (2008). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Rash, C. J. & Alessi, S. M. A randomized controlled trial of brief interventions for problem gambling in substance abuse treatment patients. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.84, 874–886 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Carlbring, P., Jonsson, J., Josephson, H. & Forsberg, L. Motivational interviewing versus cognitive behavioral group therapy in the treatment of problem and pathological gambling: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn. Behav. Ther.39, 92–103 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Toneatto, T. & Gunaratne, M. Does the treatment of cognitive distortions improve clinical outcomes for problem gambling? J. Contemp. Psychother.39, 221–229 (2009). Article Google Scholar
Chen, P., Jindani, F., Perry, J. & Turner, N. L. Mindfulness and problem gambling treatment. Asian J. Gambl. Issues Public Health4, 2 (2014). Article Google Scholar
Maynard, B. R., Wilson, A. N., Labuzienski, E. & Whiting, S. W. Mindfulness-based approaches in the treatment of disordered gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res. Soc. Work Pract.28, 348–362 (2018). Article Google Scholar
Challet-Bouju, G., Bruneau, M., Group, I., Victorri-Vigneau, C. & Grall-Bronnec, M. Cognitive remediation interventions for gambling disorder: a systematic review. Front. Psychol.8, 1961 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chebli, J.-L., Blaszczynski, A. & Gainsbury, S. M. Internet-based interventions for addictive behaviours: a systematic review. J. Gambl. Stud.32, 1279–1304 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Naish, K. R., Vedelago, L., MacKillop, J. & Amlung, M. Effects of neuromodulation on cognitive performance in individuals exhibiting addictive behaviour: a systematic review protocol. Syst. Rev.7, 90 (2018). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pallesen, S. et al. Outcome of pharmacological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.27, 357–364 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bartley, C. A. & Bloch, M. H. Meta-analysis: pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling. Expert Rev. Neurother.13, 887–894 (2013). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bullock, S. A. & Potenza, M. N. Pathological gambling: neuropsychopharmacology and treatment. Curr. Psychopharmacol.1, 67–85 (2012). CAS Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Schreiber, L. R. & Odlaug, B. L. Phenomenology and treatment of behavioural addictions. Can. J. Psychiatry58, 252–259 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Theile, J. W., Morikawa, H., Gonzales, R. A. & Morrisett, R. A. GABAergic transmission modulates ethanol excitation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Neuroscience172, 94–103 (2011). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim, S. W., Grant, J. E., Adson, D. E. & Shin, Y. C. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol. Psychiatry49, 914–921 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W. & Hartman, B. K. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling urges. J. Clin. Psychiatry69, 783–789 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. et al. Multicenter investigation of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 303–312 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Potenza, M. N., Hollander, E. & Kim, S. W. A. Multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling. Br. J. Psychiatry197, 330–331 (2010). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J., Kim, S., Hollander, E. & Potenza, M. Predicting response to opiate antagonists and placebo in the treatment of pathological gambling. Psychopharmacology200, 521–527 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kovanen, L. et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of as-needed naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling. Eur. Addict. Res.22, 70–79 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. & Hollander, E. in Neuropsychopharmacology: The 5th Generation of Progress (eds Davis, K. L., Charney, D., Coyle, J. T. & Nemeroff, C. B.) 1725–1741 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002).
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E. & Van den Brink, W. Pathological gambling: a comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.28, 123–141 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fong, T., Kalechstein, A., Bernhard, B., Rosenthal, R. & Rugle, L. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine for the treatment of video poker pathological gamblers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.89, 298–303 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Nelson, E. B., Welge, J. A., Kaehler, L. & Keck, P. E. J. Olanzapine in the treatment of pathological gambling: a negative randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry69, 433–440 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zack, M. & Poulos, C. X. A. D2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology32, 1678–1686 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zack, M. & Poulos, C. X. Amphetamine primes motivation to gamble and gambling-related semantic networks in problem gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology29, 195–207 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Black, D. W. et al. Bupropion in the treatment of pathological gambling: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.27, 143–150 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hodgins, D. C., Stea, J. N. & Grant, J. E. Gambling disorders. Lancet378, 1874–1876 (2011). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tunbridge, E. M., Bannerman, D. M., Sharp, T. & Harrison, P. J. Catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibition improves set-shifting performance and elevates stimulated dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci.24, 5331–5335 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cocker, P. J. & Winstanley, C. A. Irrational beliefs, biases and gambling: exploring the role of animal models in elucidating vulnerabilities for the development of pathological gambling. Behav. Brain Res.279, 259–273 (2015). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Winstanley, C. A. & Clark, L. Translational models of gambling-related decision-making. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci.28, 93–120 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cocker, P. J., Hosking, J. G., Murch, W. S., Clark, L. & Winstanley, C. A. Activation of dopamine D4 receptors within the anterior cingulate cortex enhances the erroneous expectation of reward on a rat slot machine task. Neuropsychopharmacology105, 186–195 (2016). CAS Google Scholar
Cocker, P. J., Lin, M. Y., Barrus, M. M., Le Foll, B. & Winstanley, C. A. The agranular and granular insula differentially contribute to gambling-like behavior on a rat slot machine task: effects of inactivation and local infusion of a dopamine D4 agonist on reward expectancy. Psychopharmacology233, 3135–3147 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cocker, P. J. & Winstanley, C. A. in Gambling Disorder (eds Heinz, A., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. & Potenza, M. N.) 101–125 (Springer, 2019).
Kalivas, P. W., Volkow, N. & Seamans, J. Unmanageable motivation in addiction: a pathology in prefrontal–accumbens glutamate transmission. Neuron45, 647–650 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kalivas, P. W. & Volkow, N. D. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am. J. Psychiatry162, 1403–1413 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kalivas, P. W. The glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.10, 561–572 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kalivas, P. W. & Volkow, N. D. New medications for drug addiction hiding in glutamatergic neuroplasticity. Mol. Psychiatry16, 974–986 (2011). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nordin, C., Gupta, R. C. & Sjodin, I. Cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology56, 152–158 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W. & Odlaug, B. L. N-Acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol. Psychiatry62, 652–657 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, A. & Nower, L. Imaginal desensitisation. J. Creat. Ment. Health2, 1–14 (2003). Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine plus imaginal desensitization for nicotine-dependent pathological gamblers. J. Clin. Psychiatry75, 39–45 (2014). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dowling, N. A., Merkouris, S. S. & Lorains, F. K. Interventions for comorbid problem gambling and psychiatric disorders: advancing a developing field of research. Addict. Behav.58, 21–30 (2016). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hollander, E., Pallanti, S., Allen, A., Sood, E. & Rossi, N. B. Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? Am. J. Psychiatry162, 137–145 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
de Brito, A. M. et al. Topiramate combined with cognitive restructuring for the treatment of gambling disorder: a two-center, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J. Gambl. Stud.33, 249–263 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Potenza, M. N. Escitalopram treatment of pathological gambling with co-occurring anxiety: an open-label pilot study with double-blind discontinuation. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.21, 203–209 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Kim, S. W. Quality of life in kleptomania and pathological gambling. Compr. Psychiatry46, 34–37 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Scherrer, J. F. et al. Effect of genes, environment, and lifetime co-occurring disorders on health-related quality of life in problem and pathological gamblers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry62, 677–683 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kim, H. S., Hodgins, D. C., Bellringer, M. & Abbott, M. Gender differences among helpline callers: prospective study of gambling and psychosocial outcomes. J. Gambl. Stud.32, 605–623 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shek, D. T., Chan, E. M. & Wong, R. H. Associations between pathological gambling and psychiatric comorbidity among help-seeking populations in Hong Kong. ScientificWorldJournal2012, 571434 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Leppink, E. W. & Grant, J. E. Traumatic event exposure and gambling: associations with clinical, neurocognitive, and personality variables. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry27, 16–24 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Loo, J. M., Shi, Y. & Pu, X. Gambling, drinking and quality of life: evidence from Macao and Australia. J. Gambl. Stud.32, 391–407 (2016). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sander, W. & Peters, A. Pathological gambling: influence of quality of life and psychological distress on abstinence after cognitive-behavioral inpatient treatment. J. Gambl. Stud.25, 253–262 (2009). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Morasco, B. J. & Petry, N. M. Gambling problems and health functioning in individuals receiving disability. Disabil. Rehabil.28, 619–623 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pilver, C. E. & Potenza, M. N. Increased incidence of cardiovascular conditions among older adults with pathological gambling features in a prospective study. J. Addict. Med.7, 387–393 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Kim, S. W. Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers. J. Clin. Psychiatry62, 957–962 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ledgerwood, D. M. et al. Who goes to treatment? Predictors of treatment initiation among gambling help-line callers. Am. J. Addict.22, 33–38 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ledgerwood, D. & Petry, N. M. Gambling and suicidality in treatment seeking pathological gamblers. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.192, 711–714 (2004). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Karlsson, A. & Håkansson, A. Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: a longitudinal nationwide register study. J. Behav. Addict.7, 1091–1099 (2018). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ronzitti, S. et al. Current suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking individuals in the United Kingdom with gambling problems. Addict. Behav.74, 33–40 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ronzitti, S., Kraus, S. W., Hoff, R. A., Clerici, M. & Potenza, M. N. Problem-gambling severity, suicidality and DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders. Addict. Behav.82, 142–150 (2018). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yi, S. Shame-prone gamblers and their coping with gambling loss. J. Gambl. Issues27, 1–21 (2012). Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N. et al. Illegal behaviors in problem gambling: analysis of data from a gambling helpline. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law28, 389–403 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A. & Shaffer, H. J. Stability and progression of disordered gambling: lessons from longitudinal studies. Can. J. Psychiatry53, 52–60 (2008). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Levine, L., Kim, D. & Potenza, M. N. Prevalence of impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry162, 2184–2188 (2005). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Williams, K. A. & Potenza, M. N. Impulse-control disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: co-occurring disorders and sex differences. J. Clin. Psychiatry68, 1584–1592 (2007). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rennert, L. et al. DSM-5 gambling disorder: prevalence and characteristics in a substance use disorder sample. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol.22, 50–56 (2014). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kundu, P. V. et al. Gambling-related attitudes and behaviors in adolescents having received instant (scratch) lottery tickets as gifts. J. Adolesc. Health52, 456–464 (2013). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Xu, J. S. et al. Large-scale functional network overlap is a general property of brain functional organization: reconciling inconsistent fMRI findings from general-linear-model-based analyses. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.71, 83–100 (2016). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Leong, J. K., Pestilli, F., Wu, C. C., Samanez-Larkin, G. R. & Knutson, B. White-matter tract connecting anterior insula to nucleus accumbens correlates with reduced preference for positively skewed gambles. Neuron89, 63–69 (2016). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Reid, R. C., Di Tirro, C. & Fong, T. W. Mindfulness in patients with gambling disorders. J. Soc. Work Pract. Addict.14, 327–337 (2014). Article Google Scholar
Gavriel-Fried, B. The crucial role of recovery capital in individuals with a gambling disorder. J. Behav. Addict.7, 792–799 (2018). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gavriel-Fried, B., Moretta, T. & Potenza, M. N. Modeling intrinsic spirituality in gambling disorder. Addict. Res. Treat. (in the press).
Slutske, W. S., Jackson, K. M. & Sher, K. J. The natural history of problem gambling from age 18 to 29. J. Abnorm. Psychol.112, 263–274 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Marotta, J. et al. 2016 Survey of Problem Gambling Services in the United States (Association of Problem Gambling Service Administrators, 2017).
[No authors listed]. Science has a gambling problem. Nature553, 379 (2018).
Potenza, M. N., Higuchi, S. & Brand, M. Call for research into a wider range of behavioural addictions. Nature555, 30 (2018). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dadayan, L. The Blinken Report: State Revenues from Gambling: Short-Term Relief, Long-Term Disappointment (The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 2016).
Gainsbury, S. M. Online gambling addiction: the relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Curr. Addict. Rep.2, 185–193 (2015). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gainsbury, S. M., Abarbanel, B. & Blaszczynski, A. Intensity and gambling harms: exploring breadth of gambling involvement among esports bettors. Gaming Law Rev.21, 610–615 (2017). Article Google Scholar
Marchica, L., Zhao, Y., Derevensky, J. & Ivoska, W. Understanding the relationship between sports-relevant gambling and being at-risk for a gambling problem among American adolescents. J. Gambl. Stud.33, 437–448 (2017). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shead, N. W., Derevensky, J. L. & Paskus, T. S. Trends in gambling behavior among college student-athletes: a comparison of 2004 and 2008 NCAA Survey data. J. Gambl. Issues29, 1–21 (2014). Google Scholar
Deans, E. G., Thomas, S. L., Derevensky, J. & Daube, M. The influence of marketing on the sports betting attitudes and consumption behaviours of young men: implications for harm reduction and prevention strategies. Harm Reduct. J.14, 5 (2017). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Martinelli, D. Skin gambling: have we found the millennial goldmine or imminent trouble? Gaming. Law Rev.21, 557–565 (2017). Google Scholar
King, D. L. & Delfabbro, P. H. Video game monetization (for example, ‘loot boxes’): a blueprint for practical social responsibility measures. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.17, 166–179 (2019). Article Google Scholar
Shaffer, H. J. & Korn, D. A. Gambling and related mental disorders: a public health analysis. Annu. Rev. Public Health23, 171–212 (2002). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Leeman, R. F., Grant, J. E. & Potenza, M. N. Behavioral and neurological foundations for the moral and legal implications of intoxication, addictive behaviors and disinhibition. Behav. Sci. Law27, 237–259 (2009). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Stinchfield, R. Reliability, validity. and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 180–182 (2003). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar