- Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S . Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001; 104: 2746–2753.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity; 1997. WHO/NUT/NCD98.1.
- Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE . Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 677–685.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Colin Bell A, Adair LS, Popkin BM . Ethnic differences in the association between body mass index and hypertension. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 346–353.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- McKeigue PM, Pierpoint T, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG . Relationship of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia to body fat pattern in south Asians and Europeans. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 785–791.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lovejoy JC, de la Bretonne JA, Klemperer M, Tulley R . Abdominal fat distribution and metabolic risk factors: effects of race. Metabolism 1996; 45: 1119–1124.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA . Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 1164–1171.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363: 157–163 .Review. Erratum in: Lancet 2004; 363: 902.
- McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG . Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet 1991; 337: 382–386.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Anand SS, Yusuf S, Vuksan V, Devanesen S, Teo KK, Montague PA, Kelemen L, Yi C, Lonn E, Gerstein H, Hegele RA, McQueen M . Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE). Lancet 2000; 356: 279–284.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Anand SS, Yusuf S, Jacobs R, Davis AD, Yi Q, Gerstein H, Montague PA, Lonn E . Risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease among Aboriginal people in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation in Aboriginal Peoples (SHARE-AP). Lancet 2001; 358: 1147–1153.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Prewitt TE, Cooper RS . Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic americans. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: 263–270.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.
- National Institutes of Heart. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the evidence report. NIH Publications No. 98-4083.; September 1998.
- Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME . Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ 1995; 311: 1401–1405.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CSG, Richmond W, Fu PC . Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 470–475.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Neeley WE . Simple automated determination of serum or plasma glucose by a hexokinase/glucose-6-phsophate dehydrogenase method. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 509–542.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Friedwald WT, Levy RI, Fredickson DS . Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
Google Scholar
- Warnick GR, Nguyen T, Albers AA . Comparison of improved precipitation methods for quantification of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 217–222.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rosner BA . Fundamentals of biostatistics, 5th edn. Duxbury Thomson Learning Press: USA; 2000.
Google Scholar
- Sewell JL, Malasky BR, Gedney CL, Gerber TM, Brody EA, Pacheco EA, Yost D, Masden BR, Galloway JM . The increasing incidence of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors among a Southwest Native American tribe: the White Mountain Apache Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1368–1372.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Welty TK, Rhoades DA, Yeh F, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Fabsitz RR, Robbins DC, Devereux RB, Henderson JA, Howard BV . Changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors among American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12: 97–106.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Lear SA, Chen MM, Frohlich JJ, Birmingham CL . The relationship between waist circumference and metabolic risk factors: cohorts of European and Chinese descent. Metabolism 2002; 51: 1427–1432.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Molarius A, Seidell JC, Sans S, Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K . Varying sensitivity of waist action levels to identify subjects with overweight or obesity in 19 populations of the WHO MONICA Project. J Clin Epidemiol 1999; 52: 1213–1224.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R . Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2074–2079.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Nordhamn K, Södergren E, Olsson E, Karlström B, Vessby B, Berglund L . Reliability of anthropometric measurements in overweight and lean subjects: consequences for correlations between anthropometric and other variables. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 652–657.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lin WY, Lee LT, Chen CY, Lo H, Hsia HH, Liu IL, Lin RS, Shau WY, Huang KC . Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1232–1238.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE . Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 137–144.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hu FB, Wang B, Chen C, Jin Y, Yang J, Stampfer MJ, Xu X . Body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in a rural Chinese population. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 88–97.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- United Nations. Human Development Report 2001. United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press; 2001. Available from URL: http://www.undp.org/hdr2001/completenew.pdf.
- Popkin BM . Urbanization, lifestyle changes and the nutrition transition. World Dev 1999; 27: 1905–1916.
Article Google Scholar
- Long AE, Prewitt TE, Kaufman JS, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS, McGee DL . Weight–height relationships among eight populations of West African origin: the case against constant BMI standards. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 842–846.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Papacosta O, Seymour C, Miller GJ, Alberti KG, Cook DG . Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. BMJ 2002; 324: 635.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Weyer C, Pratley RE, Snitker S, Spraul M, Ravussin E, Tataranni PA . Ethnic differences in insulinemia and sympathetic tone as links between obesity and blood pressure. Hypertension 2000; 36: 531–537.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wildman RP, Gu D, Reynolds K, Duan X, He J . Appropriate body mass index and waist circumference cutoffs for categorization of overweight and central adiposity among Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1129–1136.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343–1350.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar