Catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: working memory, frontal lobe MRI morphology and frontal cerebral blood flow (original) (raw)
Andreasen NC . Schizophrenia: the fundamental questions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 106–112. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kennedy JL, Farrer LA, Andreasen NC, Mayeux R, St George-Hyslop P . The genetics of adult-onset neuropsychiatric disease: complexities and conundra? Science 2003; 302: 822–826. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Moldin SO . Indicators of liability to schizophrenia: perspectives from genetic epidemiology. Schizophr Bull 1994; 20: 169–184. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Thaker GK . Current progress in schizophrenia research. Search for genes of schizophrenia: back to defining valid phenes. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002; 190: 411–412. PubMed Google Scholar
Almasy L, Blangero J . Endophenotypes as quantitative risk factors for psychiatric disease: rationale and study design. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105: 42–44. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsuang MT, Faraone SV . The frustrating search for schizophrenia genes. Am J Med Genet (Semin Med Genet) 2000; 97: 1–3. CAS Google Scholar
Gottesman II, Gould TD . The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 636–645. PubMed Google Scholar
Arolt V, Lencer R, Nolte A, Muller-Myhsok B, Purmann S, Schurmann M et al. Eye tracking dysfunction is a putative phenotypic susceptibility marker of schizophrenia and maps to a locus on chromosome 6p in families with multiple occurrence of the disease. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 564–579. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A et al. Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 587–592. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu H, Heath SC, Sobin C, Roos JL, Galke BL, Blundell ML et al. Genetic variation at the 22q11 PRODH2/DGCR6 locus presents an unusual pattern and increases susceptibility to schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 3717–3722. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Leal SM . Phenotypes and genetic analysis of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric traits. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105: 4–7. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cohen JD, Braver TS, O'Reilly RC . A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: recent developments and current challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B 1996; 351: 1515–1527. CAS Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic PS . Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: the relevance of working memory. In: Carroll BJ, Barrett JE (eds). Psychopathology and the Brain. Raven Press: New York, NY, 1990 pp 1–23. Google Scholar
Park S, Holzman PS . Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 975–982. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Park S, Holzman PS, Goldman-Rakic PS . Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 821–828. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldberg TE, Torrey EF, Gold JM, Ragland JD, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR . Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 71–85. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cannon TD, Bearden CE, Hollister JM, Rosso IM, Sanchez LE, Hadley T . Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26: 379–393. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Myles-Worsley M, Park S . Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients and their first degree relatives from Palau, Micronesia. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114: 609–615. PubMed Google Scholar
Tuulio-Henriksson A, Arajarvi R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Varilo T, Schreck M et al. Familial loading associates with impairment in visual span among healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 623–628. PubMed Google Scholar
Tuulio-Henriksson A, Haukka J, Partonen T, Varilo T, Paunio T, Ekelund J et al. Heritability and number of quantitative trait loci of neurocognitive functions in families with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114: 483–490. PubMed Google Scholar
Conklin HM, Curtis CE, Katsanis J, Iacono WG . Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: evidence from the digit span task. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 275–277. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Farmer CM, O'Donnell BF, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, McCarley RW, Shenton ME . Visual perception and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 781–788. PubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Ando J, Ono Y, Wright MJ . Genetic structure of spatial and verbal working memory. Behav Genet 2001; 31: 615–624. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cannon TD, Huttunen MO, Lonnqvist J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Pirkola T, Glahn D et al. The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 369–382. PubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Andreasen NC . Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1342–1348. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR . Effects of neuroleptic medications on the cognition of patients with schizophrenia: a review of recent studies. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 62–65. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carter C, Robertson L, Nordahl T, Chaderjian M, Kraft L, O'Shora-Celaya L . Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 930–932. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barch DM, Carter CS, Braver TS, Sabb FW, MacDonald III A, Noll DC et al. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 280–288. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Keefe RS, Silva SG, Perkins DO, Lieberman JA . The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 201–222. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Friedman HR, Goldman-Rakic PS . Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 1994; 14(Part 1): 2775–2788. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Meyer E, Evans AC . Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 878–882. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewis DA, Campbell MJ, Foote SL, Goldstein M, Morrison JH . The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in primate neocortex is widespread but regionally specific. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 279–290. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Levitt P, Rakic P, Goldman-Rakic P . Region-specific distribution of catecholamine afferents in primate cerebral cortex: a fluorescence histochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 1984; 227: 23–36. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gallager DW, Rakic P . Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390. Neuroscience 1991; 40: 657–671. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hurd YL, Suzuki M, Sedvall GC . D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sections of the human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2001; 22: 127–137. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brozoski TJ, Brown RM, Rosvold HE, Goldman PS . Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science 1979; 205: 929–932. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS . The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J Neurophysiol 1994; 71: 515–528. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Langheim FJ, Duyn J, Coppola R et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 1078–1092. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stevens AA, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gore JC, Fulbright RK, Wexler BE . Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 1097–1103. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Honey GD, Bullmore ET, Soni W, Varatheesan M, Williams SC, Sharma T . Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 13432–13437. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Manoach DS, Press DZ, Thangaraj V, Searl MM, Goff DC, Halpern E et al. Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1128–1137. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Manoach DS, Gollub RL, Benson ES, Searl MM, Goff DC, Halpern E et al. Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 99–109. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Karoum F, Chrapusta SJ, Egan MF . 3-Methoxytyramine is the major metabolite of released dopamine in the rat frontal cortex: reassessment of the effects of antipsychotics on the dynamics of dopamine release and metabolism in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum by a simple two pool model. J Neurochem 1994; 63: 972–979. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Huotari M, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M, Koponen O, Forsberg M, Raasmaja A et al. Brain catecholamine metabolism in catechol-_O_-methyltransferase (COMT)-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15: 246–256. PubMed Google Scholar
Wayment HK, Schenk JO, Sorg BA . Characterization of extracellular dopamine clearance in the medial prefrontal cortex: role of monoamine uptake and monoamine oxidase inhibition. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 35–44. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Moron JA, Brockington A, Wise RA, Rocha BA, Hope BT . Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: evidence from knock-out mouse lines. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 389–395. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Palmatier MA, Kang AM, Kidd KK . Global variation in the frequencies of functionally different catechol-_O_-methyltransferase alleles. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 557–567. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lotta T, Vidgren J, Tilgmann C, Ulmanen I, Melen K, Julkunen I et al. Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol _O_-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 4202–4210. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Badner JA, Gershon ES . Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 405–411. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Murphy KC, Jones LA, Owen MJ . High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 940–945. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 6917–6922. PubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Weinberger DR, Egan MF, Bertolino A, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Lipska BK et al. Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 825–844. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Daniels JK, Williams NM, Williams J, Jones LA, Cardno AG, Murphy KC et al. No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a polymorphism determining high or low catechol _O_-methyltransferase activity. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 268–270. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Galke BL, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G, Antonarakis SE et al. Identification of sequence variants and analysis of the role of the catechol-_O_-methyl-transferase gene in schizophrenia susceptibility. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 425–431. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li T, Sham PC, Vallada H, Xie T, Tang X, Murray RM et al. Preferential transmission of the high activity allele of COMT in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1996; 6: 131–133. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kunugi H, Vallada HP, Sham PC, Hoda F, Arranz MJ, Li T et al. Catechol-_O_-methyltransferase polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a transmission disequilibrium study in multiplying affected families. Psychiatr Genet 1997; 7: 97–101. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
de Chaldee M, Laurent C, Thibaut F, Martinez M, Samolyk D, Petit M et al. Linkage disequilibrium on the COMT gene in French schizophrenics and controls. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 452–457. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Joober R, Gauthier J, Lal S, Bloom D, Lalonde P, Rouleau G et al. Catechol-_O_-methyltransferase Val-108/158-Met gene variants associated with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 662–663. PubMed Google Scholar
Park TW, Yoon KS, Kim JH, Park WY, Hirvonen A, Kang D . Functional catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12: 299–303. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Norton N, Kirov G, Zammit S, Jones G, Jones S, Owen R et al. Schizophrenia and functional polymorphisms in the MAOA and COMT genes: no evidence for association or epistasis. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114: 491–496. PubMed Google Scholar
Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT . Association between a functional catechol _O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and schizophrenia: meta-analysis of case–control and family-based studies. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 469–476. PubMed Google Scholar
Wonodi I, Stine OC, Mitchell BD, Buchanan RW, Thaker GK . Association between Val108/158 Met polymorphism of the COMT gene and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2003; 120B: 47–50. PubMed Google Scholar
Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S . The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH). An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 615–623. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lahiri DK, Nurnberger Jr JI . A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 5444. PubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Perry W, Heaton RK, Potterat E, Roebuck T, Minassian A, Braff DL . Working memory in schizophrenia: transient ‘online’ storage versus executive functioning. Schizophr Bull 2001; 27: 157–176. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pukrop R, Matuschek E, Ruhrmann S, Brockhaus-Dumke A, Tendolkar I, Bertsch A et al. Dimensions of working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003; 62: 259–268. PubMed Google Scholar
Heaton RK, Chelune GK, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.: Odessa, FL, 1993. Google Scholar
Reitan RM . Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept Motor Skills 1958; 8: 271–276. Google Scholar
Jarvis PE, Barth JT . Halstead-Reitan Test Battery: An Interpretative Guide. Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, FL, 1986. Google Scholar
Andreasen NC, Cohen G, Harris G, Cizadlo T, Parkkinen J, Rezai K et al. Image processing for the study of brain structure and function: problems and programs. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 125–133. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Harris G, Swayze V, O'Leary DS, Cohen G et al. Voxel processing techniques for the antemortem study of neuroanatomy and neuropathology using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 5: 121–130. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Andreasen NC, Harris G, Cizadlo T, Arndt S, O'Leary DS, Swayze V et al. Techniques for measuring sulcal/gyral patterns in the brain as visualized through magnetic resonance scanning: BRAINPLOT and BRAINMAP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 93–97. PubMedCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Magnotta VA, Heckel D, Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Corson PW, Ehrhardt JC et al. Measurement of brain structures with artificial neural networks: two- and three-dimensional applications. Radiology 1999; 211: 781–790. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Woods RP, Cherry SR, Mazziotta JC . Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: 620–633. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Talairach J, Tournoux P . Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. Thieme Medical Publishers: New York, 1988. Google Scholar
Andreasen NC, Rajarethinam R, Cizadlo T, Arndt S, Swayze II VW, Flashman LA et al. Automatic atlas-based volume estimation of human brain regions from MR images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20: 98–106. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Harris G, Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Bailey JM, Bockholt HJ, Magnotta VA et al. Improving tissue classification in MRI: a three-dimensional multispectral discriminant analysis method with automated training class selection. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23: 144–154. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME . Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. J Nucl Med 1983; 24: 782–789. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hichwa RD, Boles Ponto LL, Watkins GL . Clinical blood flow measurement with [15O]water and positron emission tomography (PET). In: Emran AM (ed). Chemists' Views of Imaging Centers. Plenum Press: New York, 1995 pp 401–417. Google Scholar
Arndt S, Cizadlo T, Andreasen NC, Heckel D, Gold S, O'Leary DS . Tests for comparing images based on randomization and permutation methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 1271–1279. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Strous RD, Bark N, Woerner M, Lachman HM . Lack of association of a functional catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 493–495. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen CH, Lee YR, Wei FC, Koong FJ, Hwu HG, Hsiao KJ . Association study of _Nla_III and _Msp_I genetic polymorphisms of catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 985–987. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen CH, Lee YR, Chung MY, Wei FC, Koong FJ, Shaw CK et al. Systematic mutation analysis of the catechol _O_-methyltransferase gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1273–1275. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Arinami T, Ohtsuki T, Takase K, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa T, Horigome H et al. Screening for 22q11 deletions in a schizophrenia population. Schizophr Res 2001; 52: 167–170. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Herken H, Erdal ME . Catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: evidence for association between symptomatology and prognosis. Psychiatr Genet 2001; 11: 105–109. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liou YJ, Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Wang YC, Lai IC . Association analysis of a functional catechol-_o_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenic patients in Taiwan. Neuropsychobiology 2001; 43: 11–14. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Inada T, Nakamura A, Iijima Y . Relationship between catechol-_O_-methyltransferase polymorphism and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2003; 120B: 35–39. PubMed Google Scholar
Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, Pisante-Shalom A, Lev-Lehman E, Weizman A et al. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 1296–1302. PubMedPubMed CentralCAS Google Scholar
Ohmori O, Shinkai T, Kojima H, Terao T, Suzuki T, Mita T et al. Association study of a functional catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in Japanese schizophrenics. Neurosci Lett 1998; 243: 109–112. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kotler M, Barak P, Cohen H, Averbuch IE, Grinshpoon A, Gritsenko I et al. Homicidal behavior in schizophrenia associated with a genetic polymorphism determining low catechol _O_-methyltransferase (COMT) activity. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 628–633. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wei J, Hemmings GP . Lack of evidence for association between the COMT locus and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1999; 9: 183–186. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
de Chaldee M, Corbex M, Campion D, Jay M, Samolyk D, Petit M et al. No evidence for linkage between COMT and schizophrenia in a French population. Psychiatry Res 2001; 102: 87–90. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Semwal P, Prasad S, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN, Wood J, Nimgaonkar VL et al. Family-based association studies of monoaminergic gene polymorphisms among North Indians with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 220–224. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lohmueller KE, Pearce CL, Pike M, Lander ES, Hirschhorn JN . Meta-analysis of genetic association studies supports a contribution of common variants to susceptibility to common disease. Nat Genet 2003; 33: 177–182. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Strous RD, Bark N, Parsia SS, Volavka J, Lachman HM . Analysis of a functional catechol-_O_-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: evidence for association with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Psychiatry Res 1997; 69: 71–77. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lachman HM, Nolan KA, Mohr P, Saito T, Volavka J . Association between catechol _O_-methyltransferase genotype and violence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 835–837. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nolan KA, Volavka J, Czobor P, Cseh A, Lachman H, Saito T et al. Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia is related to COMT polymorphism. Psychiatr Genet 2000; 10: 117–124. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jones G, Zammit S, Norton N, Hamshere ML, Jones SJ, Milham C et al. Aggressive behaviour in patients with schizophrenia is associated with catechol-_O_-methyltransferase genotype. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: 351–355. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Illi A, Kampman O, Anttila S, Roivas M, Mattila KM, Lehtimaki T et al. Interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme and catechol-_O_-methyltransferase genotypes in schizophrenics with poor response to conventional neuroleptics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 13: 147–151. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Malhotra AK, Kestler LJ, Mazzanti C, Bates JA, Goldberg T, Goldman D . A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 652–654. PubMed Google Scholar
Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Gscheidle T, Coppola R, Weickert T, Kolachana BS et al. Executive subprocesses in working memory: relationship to catechol-_O_-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 889–896. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gallinat J, Bajbouj M, Sander T, Schlattmann P, Xu K, Ferro EF et al. Association of the G1947A COMT (Val(108/158)Met) gene polymorphism with prefrontal P300 during information processing. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 40–48. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsai SJ, Yu YW, Chen TJ, Chen JY, Liou YJ, Chen MC et al. Association study of a functional catechol-_O_-methyltransferase-gene polymorphism and cognitive function in healthy females. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338: 123–126. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bilder RM, Volavka J, Czobor P, Malhotra AK, Kennedy JL, Ni X et al. Neurocognitive correlates of the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 701–707. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nolan KA, Bilder RM, Lachman HM, Volavka J . Catechol _O_-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism in schizophrenia: differential effects of Val and Met alleles on cognitive stability and flexibility. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 359–361. PubMed Google Scholar
Fossella J, Sommer T, Fan J, Wu Y, Swanson JM, Pfaff DW et al. Assessing the molecular genetics of attention networks. BMC Neurosci 2002; 3: 14. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Joober R, Rouleau GA, Lal S, Dixon M, O'Driscoll G, Palmour R et al. Neuropsychological impairments in neuroleptic-responder vs nonresponder schizophrenic patients and healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res 2002; 53: 229–238. PubMed Google Scholar
Rinne JO . Muscarinic and dopaminergic receptors in the aging human brain. Brain Res 1987; 404: 162–168. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
de Keyser J, De Backer JP, Vauquelin G, Ebinger G . The effect of aging on the D1 dopamine receptors in human frontal cortex. Brain Res 1990; 528: 308–310. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Suhara T, Fukuda H, Inoue O, Itoh T, Suzuki K, Yamasaki T et al. Age-related changes in human D1 dopamine receptors measured by positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 103: 41–45. CAS Google Scholar
Kaasinen V, Vilkman H, Hietala J, Nagren K, Helenius H, Olsson H et al. Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neuobiol Aging 2000; 21: 683–688. CAS Google Scholar
Volkow ND, Logan J, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Gur RC, Wong C et al. Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 75–80. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic PS, Brown RM . Regional changes of monoamines in cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of aging rhesus monkeys. Neuroscience 1981; 6: 177–187. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wassink TH, Crowe RR, Andreasen NC . Tumor necrosis factor receptor—II: heritability and effect on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 678–682. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wassink TH, Nopoulos P, Pietila J, Crowe RR, Andreasen NC . NOTCH4 and the frontal lobe in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2003; 118B: 1–7. PubMed Google Scholar
Manoach DS . Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: reconciling discrepant findings. Schizophr Res 2003; 60: 285–298. PubMed Google Scholar