Pesticides and honey bee toxicity — USA (original) (raw)
References
Adey M., Walker P., Walker P.T. (1986) Pest Control Safe for Bees, IBRA, London, 224 p. Google Scholar
Ailouane Y., Lambin M., Armengaud C., El Hassani A., Gary V. (2009) Subchronic exposure of honeybees to sublethal doses of pesticides: effects on behavior, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28, 113–122. Google Scholar
Alaux C., Brunet J., Dussaubat C., Mondet F., Tchamitchan S., Cousin M., Brillard J., Baldy A., Belzunces L.P., Le Conte Y. (2010) Interactions between Nosema microspores and a neonicotinoid weaken honeybees (Apis mellifera), Environ. Microbiol., in press, DOI: 10.111 1/j.1462-2920.2009.02123.x.
Albero B., Sanchez-Brunete C., Tadeo J.L. (2004) Analysis of pesticides in honey by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography — Mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 5828–5835. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Alder L., Greulich K., Kempe G., Vieth B. (2006) Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: Better by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS? Mass Spectrometry Reviews 25, 838–865. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aliano N.P., Ellis M.D. (2008) Bee-to bee contact drives oxalic acid distribution in honey bee colonies, Apidologie 39, 481–487. Google Scholar
Anderson J.F., Wojtas M.A. (1986) Honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) contaminated with pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, J. Econ. Entomol. 79, 1200–1205. CAS Google Scholar
Arpaia S. (1996) Ecological impact of Bt-transgenic plants: 1. Asessing possible effects of CrtIIIB toxin on honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, J. Genet. Breed. 50, 315–319. CAS Google Scholar
Atkins E.L. (1992) Injury to honey bees by poisoning. In: J.M. Graham (ed.), The Hive and the Honey Bee, Rev. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IL. 1324 p. Google Scholar
Aupinel P., Fortini D., Dufour H., Taséi J.N., Michaud B. (2005) Improvement of artificial feeding in a standard in vitro method for rearing Apis mellifera larvae, Bull. Insectol. 58, 107–111. Google Scholar
Babendreier D., Joller D., Romeis J., Bigler F., Widmer F. (2007) Bacterial community structures in honeybee intestines and their response to two insecticidal proteins, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 59, 600–610. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Babendreier D., Kalberer N.M., Romeis J., Fluri P., Mulligan E., Bigler F. (2005) Influence of Bt-transgenic pollen, Bt-toxin and protease inhibitor (SBTI) ingestion on development of the hypopharyngeal glands in honeybees, Apidologie 36, 585–594. CAS Google Scholar
Babendreier D., Romeis J., Bigler J., Fluri P. (2006) Neue erkenntnisse, zu möglichen auswirkungen von transgenem Bt-mais auf bienen, Forsch. Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux ALP, Schweiz. Google Scholar
Bailey J., Scott Dupree C., Harris R., Tolman J., Harris B. (2005) Contact and oral toxicity to honey bees in Ontario, Canada, Apidologie 36, 623–633. CAS Google Scholar
Balayiannis G., Balayiannis P. (2008) Bee honey as an environmental bioindicator of pesticides’ occurrence in six agricultural areas of Greece, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 55, 462–470. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barron A.B., Maleszka R., Vander Meer R.K., Robinson G.E. (2007) Octopamine modulates honey bee dance behavior, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 1703–1707. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bernal J.L., Jimenez J.J., del Nozal M.J., Higes M., Llorente J. (2000) Gas chromatographic determination of acrinathrine and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde residues in honey, J. Chromatogr. A 882, 239–243. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Berry J. (2009) Pesticides, bees and wax: an unhealthy, untidy mix, Bee Culture 137, 33–35. Google Scholar
Blasco C., Fernandez M., Pena A., Lino C., Silveira M.I., Font G., Pico Y. (2003) Assessment of pesticide residues in honey samples from Portugal and Spain, J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 8132–8138. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blasco C., Font G., Pico Y. (2008) Solid-phase microextraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of insecticides in honey, Food Additives and Contaminants 25, 59–69. CAS Google Scholar
Boecking O., Genersch E. (2008) Varroosis — the ongoing crisis in bee keeping, Journal Fur Verbraucherschutz Und Lebensmittelsicherheit-Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 3, 221–228. Google Scholar
Bogdanov S. (2004) Beeswax: quality issues today, Bee World 85, 46–50. Google Scholar
Bogdanov S., (2006) Contaminants of bee products, Apidologie 37, 1–18. CAS Google Scholar
Bogdanov S., Kilchenmann V., Imdorf A. (1997) Acaricide residues in beeswax and honey, Apiacta 32, 72–80. Google Scholar
Bogdanov S., Kilchenmann V., Imdorf A. (1998) Acaricide residues in some bee products, J. Apic. Res. 37, 57–67. CAS Google Scholar
Bogdanov S., Kilchenmann V., Seiler K., Pfefferli H., Frey T., Roux B., Wenk P., Noser J. (2004) Residues of _para_-dichlorobenzene in honey and beeswax, J. Apic. Res. 43, 14–16. CAS Google Scholar
Bonmatin J.M., Marchand P.A., Charvet R., Moineau I., Bengsch E.R., Colin M.E. (2005) Quantification of imidacloprid uptake in maize crops, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 5336–5341. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Burley L., Fell R., and Saacke R. (2008) Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa incubated at room temperature from drones exposed to miticides, J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1081–1087. PubMed Google Scholar
Canadian Honey Council (2005) Conditions of use for oxalic acid dihydrate, HiveLights 18 (Special Suppl.).
Cao L.C., Honeyman T.W., Cooney R., Kennington L., Scheid C.R., Jonassen J.A. (2004) Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in renal cell oxalate toxicity, Kidney Int. 66, 1890–1900. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
CDPR (California department of pesticide regulation) (2006) Top 100 pesticides by acres treated in 2005, CADPR, Sacramento, CA, www.cdpr.gov (accessed 24 August 2009).
Charrière J.D., Imdorf A. (2002) Oxalic acid treatment by trickling against Varroa destructor: recommendations for use in central Europe and under temperate climate conditions, Bee World 82, 51–60. Google Scholar
Chauzat M.P., Faucon J.P. (2007) Pesticide residues in beeswax samples collected from honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera 1.) in France, Pest Manage. Sci. 63, 1100–1106. CAS Google Scholar
Chauzat M.P., Carpentier P., Martel A.C., Bougeard S., Cougoule N., Porta P., Lachaize J., Madec F., Aubert M., Faucon J.P. (2009) Influence of pesticide residues on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health in France, Environ. Entomol. 38, 514–523. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chauzat M.P., Faucon J.P., Martel A.C., Lachaize J., Cougoule N., Aubert M. (2006) A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France, J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 253–262. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Choudhary A., Sharma D.C. (2008a) Pesticide residues in honey samples from Himachal Pradesh (India), Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 80, 417–422. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Choudhary A., Sharma D.C. (2008b) Dynamics of pesticide residues in nectar and pollen of mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) grown in Himachal Pradesh (India), Environ. Monit. Assess. 144, 143–150. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Claudianos C., Ranson H., Johnson R.M., Biswas S., Schuler M.A., Berenbaum M.R., Feyereisen R., Oakeshott J.G. (2006) A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee, Insect Mol. Biol. 15, 615–636. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Colin M.E., Bonmatin J.M., Moineau I., Gaimon C., Brun S., Vermandere J.P. (2004) A method to quantify and analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 387–395. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Collins A.M., Pettis J.S., Wilbanks R., Feldlaufer M.F. (2004) Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax cells impregnated with coumaphos, J. Apic. Res. 43, 128–134. CAS Google Scholar
Crane E., Walker P. (1983) The Impact of Pest Management on Bees and Pollination, IBRA, London, 129 p. Google Scholar
Croft B.A. (1990) Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides, New York, Wiley, 723 p. Google Scholar
Cutler G.C., Scott-Dupree C.D. (2007) Exposure to clothianidin seed-treated canola has no long-term impact on honey bees, J. Econ. Entomol. 100, 765–772. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Davies T.G.E., Field L.M., Usherwood P.N.R., Williamson M.S. (2007) DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels, IUBMB Life 59, 151–162. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Decourtye A., Devillers J., Cluzeau S., Charreton M., Pham-Delegue M.H. (2004) Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 57, 410–419. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Decourtye A., Devillers J., Genecque E., Le Menach K., Budzinski H. (2005) Comparative sublethal toxicity of nine pesticides on olfactory learning performances of honey bes, Apis mellifera, Arch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28, 113–122. Google Scholar
Decourtye A., Mader E., Desneux N. (2010) Landscape enhancement of floral resources for honey bees in agro-ecosystems, Apidologie 41, 264–277. Google Scholar
Decourtye A., Pham-Delegue M.H. (2002) The proboscis extension response: assessing the sublethal effects of pesticides on the honey bee. In Honey Bees: Estimaing the Environmental Impact of Chemicals, in: Devillers J., Pham-Delegue M.H. (Eds.), Taylor and Francis, London, 336 p. Google Scholar
Desneux N., Decourtye A., Delpuech J.M. (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52, 81–106. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Devillers J., Decourtye A., Budzinski H., Pham-Delègue M.H., Cluzeau S., Maurin C. (2003) Comparative toxicity and hazards of pesticides to Apis and non-Apis bees, A chemometrical study, SAR and QSAR in Environ. Res. 14, 389–403. CAS Google Scholar
Duan J.J., Marvier M. Huesing J., Dively G., Huang Z.Y. (2008) A meta-analysis of effects of Bt crops on honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), PLoS ONE 3, e1415. PubMed Google Scholar
Eischen F.A., Graham R.H. (2008) Feeding overwintering honey bee colonies infected with Nosema ceranae, In Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference, Am. Bee J. 148, 555. Google Scholar
Ellis M.D., Baxendale F.P. (1997) Toxicity of seven monoterpenoids to tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and their honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hosts when applied as fumigants, J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 1087–1091. CAS Google Scholar
Ellis M.D., Baxendale F.P., Keith D.L. (1998) Protecting bees when using insecticides, NebGuide G98-1347, University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension.
Ellis M.D., Nelson R., Simonds C. (1988). A comparison of the fluvalinate and ether roll methods of sampling for Varroa mites in honey bee colonies, Am. Bee J. 128, 262–263. Google Scholar
Elzen P.J., Westervelt D. (2002) Detection of coumaphos resistance in Varroa destructor in Florida, Am. Bee J. 142, 291–292. Google Scholar
Elzen P.J., Baxter J.R., Spivak M., Wilson W.T. (2000) Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. resistant to fluvalinate and amitraz using coumaphos, Apidologie 31, 437–441. CAS Google Scholar
Elzen P.J., Eischen F.A., Baxter J.B., Elzen G.W., Wilson W.T. (1999). Detection of resistance in US Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) to the acaricide fluvalinate, Apidologie 30, 13–17. CAS Google Scholar
Enan E. (2001) Insecticidal activity of essential oils: octopaminergic sites of action, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, Toxicol. Pharmacol. 130, 325–337. CAS Google Scholar
Estep C.B., Menon G.N., Williams H.E., Cole A.C. (1977) Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in Tennessee honey and beeswax, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17, 168–174. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Evans P.D., Gee J.D. (1980) Action of formamidine pesticides on octopamine receptors, Nature 287, 60–62. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Faucon J.P., Mathieu L., Ribiere M., Martel A.C., Drajnudel P., Zeggane S., Aurieres C., Aubert M.F.A. (2002) Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000, Bee World 83, 14–23. Google Scholar
Federal Register (2000) Coumaphos: pesticide tolerance for emergency action, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Fernandez-Muino M.A., Sancho M.T., Muniategui S., Huidobro J.F., Simallozano J. (1995) Nonacaricide pesticide residues in honey — Analytical methods and levels found, J. Food Protect. 58, 1271–1274. CAS Google Scholar
Fernandez M., Pico Y., Manes J. (2002) Analytical methods for pesticide residue determination in bee products, J. Food Protect. 65, 1502–1511. CAS Google Scholar
Floris I., Satta A., Cabras P., Garau V.L., Angioni A. (2004) Comparison between two thymol formulations in the control of Varroa destructor: effectiveness, persistence, and residues, J. Econ. Entomol. 97, 187–191. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Frazier M., Mullin C., Frazier J., Ashcraft S. (2008) What have pesticides got to do with it? Am. Bee J. 148, 521–523. Google Scholar
Fries I. (1991) Treatment of sealed honey bee brood with formic acid for control of Varroa jacobsoni, Am. Bee J. 131, 313–314. Google Scholar
Ghini S., Fernandez M., Pico Y., Marin R., Fini F., Manes J., Girotti S. (2004) Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in the province of Bologna, Italy, using honeybees as bioindicators, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 479–488. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Girolami V., Greatti M., Di Bernardo A., Tapparo A., Giorio C., Squartini A., Mazzon L., Mazaro M., Mori N. (2009) Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees, J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 1808–1815. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gregorc A., Bowen I. (2000) Histochemical characterization of cell death in honeybee larvae midgut after treatment with Paenibacillus larvae, amitraz and oxytetracycline, Cell Biol. Int. 24, 319–324. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gregorc A., Smodisskerl M.I. (2007) Toxicological and immunohistochemical testing of honeybees after oxalic acid and rotenone treatments, Apidologie 38, 296–305. CAS Google Scholar
Gunasekara A., Truong T., Goh K., Spurlock F., Tjeerdema R. (2007) Environmental fate and toxicology of fipronil, J. Pestic. Sci. 32, 189–199. CAS Google Scholar
Haarmann T., Spivak M., Weaver D., Weaver B., Glenn T. (2002) Effects of fluvalinate and coumaphos on queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in two commercial queen rearing operations, J. Econ. Entomol. 95, 28–35. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Halm M.P., Rortais A., Arnold G., Taséi J.N., Rault S. (2006) New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: The case of honey bees and imidacloprid (Gaucho), Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2448–2454. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Higes M., Meana A., Suarez M., Llorente J. (1999) Negative long-term effects on bee colonies treated with oxalic acid against Varroa jacobsoni Oud., Apidologie 30, 289–292. CAS Google Scholar
ISB (inf. syst. biotechnol.) (2007) Field test release applications in the US (Database provided by APHIS biotechnology regulatory services, http://www.isb.vt.edu/CFDOCS/fieldtests1.cfm (accessed 24 August 2009).
Isman M.B. (2006) Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51, 45–66. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Iwasa T., Motoyama N., Ambrose J.T., Roe R.M. (2003) Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, Crop Prot. 23, 371–378. Google Scholar
Jeschke P., Nauen R. (2008) Neonicotinoids — from zero to hero in insecticide chemistry, Pest Manage. Sci. 64, 1084–1098. CAS Google Scholar
Jimenez J.J., Bernal J.L., del Nozal M.J., Martin M.T. (2005) Residues of organic contaminants in beeswax. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 107, 896–902. CAS Google Scholar
Johansen C.A. (1977) Pesticides and pollinators, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 22, 177–192. CAS Google Scholar
Johansen C.A., Mayer D.F. (1990) Pollinator Protection: a Bee and Pesticide Handbook, Wicwas Press, Cheshire, CT, 212 p. Google Scholar
Johnson R.M., Pollock H.S., Berenbaum M.R. (2009) Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera, J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 474–479. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson R.M., Wen Z., Schuler M.A., Berenbaum M.R. (2006) Mediation of pyrethroid insecticide toxicity to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 1046–1050. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Keyhani J., Keyhani E. (1980) EPR study of the effect of formate on cytochrome oxidase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 92, 327–333. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kim Y.J., Lee S.H., Lee S.W., Ahn Y.J. (2004) Fenpyroximate resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): cross-resistance and biochemical resistance mechanisms, Pest Manage. Sci. 60, 1001–1006. CAS Google Scholar
Kubik M., Nowacki J., Pidek A., Warakomska Z., Michalczuk L., Goszczynski W. (1999) Pesticide residues in bee products collected from cherry trees protected during blooming period with contact and systemic fungicides, Apidologie 30, 521–532. CAS Google Scholar
Kubik M., Nowacki J., Pidek A., Warakomska Z., Michalczuk L., Goszczynski W., Dwuznik B. (2000) Residues of captan (contact) and difenoconazole (systemic) fungicides in bee products from an apple orchard, Apidologie 31, 531–541. CAS Google Scholar
Laurent F.M., Rathahao E. (2003) Distribution of (14)C imidacloprid in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) following seed treatment, J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 8005–8010. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lemaux P.G. (2008) Genetically engineered plants and foods: a scientist’s analysis of the issues, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59, 771–812. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li A.Y., Davey R.B., Miller R.J., George J.E. (2004) Detection and characterization of amitraz resistance in the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), J. Med. Entomol. 41, 193–200. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li A.Y., Pruett J.H., Davey R.B., George J.E. (2005) Toxicological and biochemical characterization of coumaphos resistance in the San Roman strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 81, 145–153. CAS Google Scholar
Lodesani M., Costa C. (2005) Limits of chemotherapy in beekeeping: development of resistance and the problem of residues, Bee World 86, 102–109. Google Scholar
Lodesani M., Colombo M., Spreafico M. (1995) Ineffectiveness of Apistan(R) treatment against the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in several districts of Lombardy (Italy), Apidologie 26, 67–72. Google Scholar
Lodesani M., Costa C., Serra G., Colombo R., Sabatini A.G. (2008) Acaricide residues in beeswax after conversion to organic beekeeping method, Apidologie 39, 324–333. CAS Google Scholar
Lodesani M., Pellacani A., Bergomi S., Carpana E., Rabitti T., Lasagni P. (1992) Residue determination for some products used against Varroa infestation in bees, Apidologie 23, 257–272. CAS Google Scholar
Macedo P.A., Ellis M.D., Siegfried B.D. (2002) Detection and quantification of fluvalinate resistance in Varroa mites in Nebraska, Am. Bee J. 147, 523–526. Google Scholar
Marchetti S., Barbattini R. (1984) Comparative effectiveness of treatments used to control Varroa jacobsoni Oud., Apidologie 15, 363–378. Google Scholar
Martel A.C., Zeggane S., Aurieres C., Drajnudel P., Faucon J.P., Aubert M. (2007) Acaricide residues in honey and wax after treatment of honey bee colonies with Apivar (R) or Asuntol (R) 50, Apidologie 38, 534–544. CAS Google Scholar
Meimaridou E., Jacobson J., Seddon A.M., Noronha-Dutra A.A., Robertson W.G., Hothersal J.S. (2005) Crystal and microparticle effects on MDCK cell superoxide production: oxalate-specific mitochondrial membrane potential changes, Free Radical Biology and Medicine 38, 1553–1564. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mineau P., Harding K.M., Whiteside M., Fletcher M.R., Garthwaite D., Knopper L.D. (2008) Using reports of bee mortality in the field to calibrate laboratory-derived pesticide risk indices, Environ. Entomol. 37, 546–554. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Motoba K., Nishizawa H., Suzuki T., Hamaguchi H., Uchida M., Funayama S. (2000) Species-specific detoxification metabolism of fenpyroximate, a potent acaricide, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 67, 73–84. CAS Google Scholar
Motoba K., Suzuki T., Uchida M. (1992) Effect of a new acaricide, fenpyroximate, on energy metabolism and mitochondrial morphology in adult female Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite), Pestic. Biochem. Physiol, 43, 37–44. CAS Google Scholar
Mullin C.A., Frazier M., Frazier J.L., Ashcraft S., Simonds R., vanEngelsdorp D., Pettis J.S. (2010) High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: Implications for honey bee health, PLoS One, accessed 19 March 2010, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009754.
NAS (national academy of sciences) (2007) Status of pollinators in North America, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Nguyen B.K., Saegerman C., Pirard C., Mignon J., Widart J., Tuirionet B., Verheggen F.J., Berkvens D., De Pauw E., Haubruge E. (2009) Does imidacloprid seed-treated maize have an impact on honey bee mortality? J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 616–623. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
OEPP/EPPO (1992) Guideline on test methods for evaluating the side effects of plant protection products on honeybees, Bull. OEPP/EPPO 22, 201–215. Google Scholar
Pettis J.S., Collins A.M., Wilbanks R., Feldlaufer M.F. (2004) Effects of coumaphos on queen rearing in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, Apidologie 35, 605–610. CAS Google Scholar
Pilling E.D., Jepson P.C. (1993) Synergism between EBI fungicides and A pyrethroid insecticide in the honeybee (Apis mellifera), Pestic. Sci. 39, 293–297. CAS Google Scholar
Pilling E.D., Bromley-Challenor K.A.C., Walker C.H., Jepson P.C. (1995) Mechanism of synergism between the pyrethroid insecticide λ-cyhalothrin and the imidazole fungicide orochloraz, in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 51, 1–11. CAS Google Scholar
Plapp F.W. Jr. (1979) Synergism of pyrethroid insecticides by formamidines against Heliothis pests of cotton, J. Econ. Entomol. 72, 667–670. CAS Google Scholar
PMRA — Canada’s pest management regulatory agency (2009) PMRA approves emergency use of Apivar in Canada, http://cba.stonehavenlife.com/2009/07/ apivar-varroa-emergency-use-in-canada/ (accessed 10 November 2009).
Priestley C.M., Williamson E.M., Wafford K.A., Sattelle D.B. (2003) Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABA(A) receptors and a homooligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster, British J. Pharmacol. 140, 1363–1372. CAS Google Scholar
Quarles W. (1996) EPA exempts least-toxic pesticides, IPM Practitioner 18, 16–17. Google Scholar
Quarles W. (2008) Pesticides and honey bee colony collapse disorder, IPM Practitioner 30, 1–10. Google Scholar
Rademacher E., Harz M. (2006) Oxalic acid for the control of varroosis in honey bee colonies — a review, Apidologie 37, 98–120. CAS Google Scholar
Ramirez-Romero R., Chaufaux J., Pham-Delegue M.H. (2005) Effects of Cru1Ab protoxin, deltamethrin and imidacloprid on the foraging activity and the learning performances of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, a comparative approach, Apidologie 36, 601–611. CAS Google Scholar
Rhodes H.A., Wilson W.T., Sonnet P.E., Stoner A. (1979) Exposure of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) to bee-collected pollen containing residues of microencapsulated methyl parathion, Environ. Entomol. 8, 944–948. CAS Google Scholar
Rinderer T.E., De Guzman L.I., Lancaster V.A., Delatte G.T., Stelzer J.A. (1999) Varroa in the mating yard: I. The effects of Varroa jacobsoni and Apistan (R) on drone honey bees, Am. Bee J. 139, 134–139. Google Scholar
Rissato S.R., Galhiane M.S., de Almeida M.V., Gerenutti M., Apon B.M. (2007) Multiresidue determination of pesticides in honey samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application in environmental contamination, Food Chem. 101, 1719–1726. CAS Google Scholar
Rissato S.R., Galhiane M.S., Knoll F.R.N., Apon B.M. (2004) Supercritical fluid extraction for pesticide multiresidue analysis in honey: determination by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass spectrometry detection, J. Chromatogr. A 1048, 153–159. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robertson J.L., Russell R.M., Preisler H.K., Savin N.E. (2007) Bioassays with Arthropods, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Google Scholar
Rortais A., Arnold G., Halm M.P., Touffet-Briens F. (2005) Modes of honeybees exposure to systemic insecticides: estimated amounts of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed by different categories of bees, Apidologie 36, 71–83. CAS Google Scholar
Russell D., Meyer R., Bukowski J. (1998) Potential impact of microencapsulated pesticides on New Jersey apiaries, Am. Bee J. 138, 207–210. Google Scholar
Sammataro D., Untalan P., Guerrero F., Finley J. (2005) The resistance of Varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) to acaricides and the presence of esterase, Int. J. Acarol. 31, 67–74. Google Scholar
Schmidt L.S., Schmidt J.O., Rao H., Wang W., Ligen X. (1995) Feeding preferences and survival of young worker honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apidae) fed rape, sesame and sunflower pollen, J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1591–1595. Google Scholar
Schulz D.J., Robinson G.E. (2001) Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies, J. Compar. Physiol. A 187, 53–61. CAS Google Scholar
Sherer T.B., Richardson J.R., Testa C.M., Seo B.B., Panov A.V., Yagi T., Matsuno-Magi A., Miller G.W., Greenamyre J.T. (2007) Mechanism of toxicity of pesticides acting at complex I: relevance to environmental etiologies of Parkinson’s disease, J. Neurochem. 100, 1469–1479. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith R.K., Wilcox M.M. (1990) Chemical residues in bees, honey and beeswax, Am. Bee J. 130, 188–192. Google Scholar
Soberon M., Gill S., Bravo A. (2009) Signaling versus punching hole: How do Bacillus thuringiensis toxins kill insect midgut cells? Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66, 1337–1349. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Song C., Scharf M.E. (2008) Formic acid: A neurologically active, hydrolyzed metabolite of insecticidal formate esters, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 92, 77–82. CAS Google Scholar
Stoner A., Wilson W.T., Harvey J. (1985) Honey bee exposure to beeswax foundation impregnated with fenvalerate or carbaryl, Am. Bee J. 125, 513–516. Google Scholar
Suchail S., Guez D., Belzunces L.P. (2000) Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 1901–1905. CAS Google Scholar
Suchail S., Guez D., Belzunces L.P. (2001) Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 2482–2486. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sylvester H.A., Watts R.P., De Guzman L.I., Stelzer J.A., Rinderer T.E. (1999) Varroa in the mating yard: II. The effects of Varroa and fluvalinate on drone mating competitiveness, Am. Bee J. 139, 225–227. Google Scholar
Taséi J.N. (2003) Impact of agrochemicals on non-Apis bees, In Devillers J. and Pham-Delegue M.H., eds., Honey bees: Estimating the environmental impact of chemicals, Taylor and Francis, London, UK, pp. 101–131. Google Scholar
Taylor M.A., Goodwin R.M., McBrydie H.M., Cox H.M. (2007) Destroying managed and feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies to eradicate honey bee pests, N. Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 35, 313–323. CAS Google Scholar
Thompson H.M. (2003) Behavioral effects of pesticides in bees: their potential for use in risk assessment, Exotoxicol. 12, 317–330. CAS Google Scholar
Thrasyvoulou A.T., Pappas N. (1988) Contamination of honey and wax with malathion and coumaphos used against the Varroa mite, J. Apic. Res. 27, 55–61. CAS Google Scholar
Trapp S., Pussemier L. (1991) Model calculations and measurements of uptake and translocation of carbamates by bean plants, Chemosphere 22, 327–339. CAS Google Scholar
Tremolada P., Bernardinelli I., Colombo M., Spreafico M., Vighi M. (2004) Coumaphos distribution in the hive ecosystem: Case study for modeling applications, Ecotoxicology 13, 589–601. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Underwood R., Currie R. (2003) The effects of temperature and dose of formic acid on treatment efficacy against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), a parasite of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Exp. Appl. Acarol. 29, 303–313. PubMed Google Scholar
USDA-AMS (2009) Pesticide data program, annual summary, calendar year 2008, http://www.ams. usda.gov/pdp (accessed 20 Jan. 2010).
vanEngelsdorp D., Evans J.D., Donovall L., Mullin C., Frazier M., Frazier J., Tarpy D.R., Hayes J., Pettis J.S. (2009a) “Entombed Pollen”: A new condition in honey bee colonies associated with increased risk of colony mortality, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 101, 147–149. PubMed Google Scholar
vanEngelsdorp D., Evans J.D., Saegerman C., Mullin C., Haubruge E., Nguyen B.K., Frazier M., Frazier J., Cox-Foster D., Chen Y., Underwood R., Tarpy D.R., Pettis J.S. (2009b) Colony Collapse Disorder: A descriptive study, PLoS ONE 4, 1–17, e6481. Google Scholar
Varrox Vaporizer (2007) The Varrox Vaporizer, HiveLights 20, 16. Google Scholar
Wallner K. (1995) The use of varroacides and their influence on the qualify of bee products, Am. Bee J. 135, 817–821. Google Scholar
Wallner K. (1999) Varroacides and their residues in bee products, Apidologie 30, 235–238. CAS Google Scholar
Walorczyk S., Gnusowski B. (2009) Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in honeybees using acetonitrile-based extraction and gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 6522–6531. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wang R.W., Liu Z.Q., Dong K., Elzen P.J., Pettis J., Huang Z.Y. (2002) Association of novel mutations in a sodium channel gene with fluvalinate resistance in the mite, Varroa destructor, J. Apic. Res. 41, 17–25. CAS Google Scholar
Whittington R., Winston M.L., Melathopoulos A.P., Higo H.A. (2000) Evaluation of the botanical oils neem, thymol, and canola sprayed to control Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapsis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae), Am. Bee J. 140, 565–572. Google Scholar