Role of trophic factors on neuroimmunity in neurodegenerative infectious diseases (original) (raw)

• Abe K, Saito H (2001). Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on central nervous system functions. Pharmacol Res 43: 307–312.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Achim C, Masliah E, Ge N, Heyes M, Wang R, Miners D, Wiley C (1993). Immune activation and neurologic damage in HIV encephalitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52: 315.
  Google Scholar
• Albini A, Soldi R, Giunciuglio D, Giraudo E, Benelli R, Primo L, Noonan D, Salio M, Camussi G, Rockl W, Bussolino F (1996). The angiogenesis induced by HIV-1 tat protein is mediated by the Flk-1/KDR receptor on vascular endothelial cells. Nat Med 2: 1371–1375.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alcami A, Koszinowski UH (2000). Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Immunol Today 21: 447–455.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Araujo DM, Cotman CW (1993). Trophic effects of interleukin-4, -7 and -8 on hippocampal neuronal cultures: potential involvement of glial-derived factors. Brain Res 60: 49–55.
  Google Scholar
• Arese M, Ferrandi C, Primo L, Camussi G, Bussolino F (2001). HIV-1 Tat protein stimulates in vivo vascular permeability and lymphomononuclear cell recruitment. J Immunol 166: 1380–1388.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Gershengorn MC, CesarmanE (1997). Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 385: 347–350.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Asensio VC, Campbell IL (1999). Chemokines in the CNS: plurifunctional mediators in diverse states. Trends Neurosci 22: 504–512.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B (1994). Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines—CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol 55: 97–179.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B (1997). Human chemokines: an update. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 675–705.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barillari G, Sgadari C, Fiorelli V, Samaniego F, Colombini S, Manzari V, Modesti A, Nair BC, Cafaro A, Sturzl M, Ensoli B (1999). The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 promotes vascular cell growth and locomotion by engaging the alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins and by mobilizing sequestered basic fibroblast growth factor. Blood 94: 663–672.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnea A, Roberts J, Ho RH (1999). Evidence for a synergistic effect of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) leading to enhanced expression of somatostatin neurons in aggregate cultures derived from the human fetal cortex. Brain Res 815: 349–357.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Belperio JA, Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Addison CL, Ehlert JE, Burdick MD, Strieter RM (2000). CXC chemokines in angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 68: 1–8.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Benelli R, Barbero A, Ferrini S, Scapini P, Cassatella M, Bussolino F, Tacchetti C, Noonan DM, Albini A (2000). Human immunodeficiency virus transactivator protein (Tat) stimulates chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, and activation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: implications for Tat-mediated pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 182: 1643–1651.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Benveniste EN (1994). Cytokine circuits in brain. Implications for AIDS dementia complex. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 72: 71–88.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM (1999). Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 17: 657–700.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bonde C, Kristensen BW, Blaabjerg M, Johansen TE, Zimmer J, Meyer M (2000). GDNF and neublastin protect against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal slice cultures. Neuroreport 11: 4069–4073.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boven LA, Middel J, Portegies P, Verhoef J, Jansen GH, Nottet HSLM (1999). Overexpression of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in AIDS dementia complex. J Neuroimmunol 97: 154–162.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Budka H (1991). Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 1: 163–175.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Budka H, Wiley C, Kleihues P, Artigas J, Ashbury A, Cho E-S, Cornblath D (1991). HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology. Brain Pathol 1: 143–152.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Caccamo DV, Garcia JH (1993). Viral infectio of the central nervous system. In: Principals and practice of neuropathology. Schochet SS (ed). Mosby: St Louis, MO, p 625.
  Google Scholar
• Carbone KM, Rubin SA, Sierra-Honigmann AM, Lederman HM (1993). Characterization of a glial cell line persistently infected with borna disease virus (BDV): influence of neurotrophic factors on BDV protein and RNA expression. J Virol 67: 1453–1460.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Castellanos JE, Martinez M, Acosta O, Hurtado H (2000). Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 modulate the rabies infection of adult sensory neurons in primary cultures. Brain Res 871: 120–126.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cesarman E, Nador RG, Bai F, Bohenzky RA, Russo JJ, Moore PS, Chang Y, Knowles DM (1996). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi’s sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. J Virol 70: 8218–8223.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chambers CB, Sigurdsson EM, Hejna MJ, Lorens SA, Lee JM, Muma NA (2000). Amyloid-beta injection in rat amygdala alters tau protein but not mRNA expression. Exp Neurol 162: 158–170.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Choi C, Kutsch O, Park J, Zhou T, Seol DW, Benveniste EN (2002). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces caspase-dependent interleukin-8 expression and apoptosis in human astroglioma cells. Mol Cell Biol 22: 724–736.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clarke MS, Khakee R, McNeil PL (1993). Loss of cytoplasmic basic fibroblast growth factor from physiologically wounded myofibers of normal and dystrophic muscle. J Cell Sci 106 (Pt 1): 121–133.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Del Sorbo L, Arese M, Giraudo E, Tizzani M, Biancone L, Bussolino F, Camussi G (2001). Tat-induced platelet-activating factor synthesis contributes to the angiogenic effect of HIV-1 Tat. Eur J Immunol 31: 376–383.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Denis M, Ghadirian E (1994). Dysregulation of interleukin 8, interleukin 10, and interleukin 12 release by alveolar macrophages from HIV type 1-infected subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10: 1619–1627.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dodart JC, Mathis C, Bales KR, Paul SM, Ungerer A (2000). Behavior deficits in APP(V717F) transgenic mice deficient for the apolipoprotein E gene. Neuroreport 11: 603–607.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dore GJ, Correll PK, Li Y, Kaldor JM, Cooper DA, Brew BJ (1999). Changes to AIDS dementia comples in the era of highly active antiretroviral theraphy. AIDS 13: 1249–1253.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dreyer E, Kaiser P, Offermann J, Lipton S (1990). HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 248: 364–367.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• D’Souza MP, Cairns JS, Plaeger SF (2000). Current evidence and future directions for targeting HIV entry: therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. JAMA 284: 215–222.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Eckenstein FP (1994). Fibroblast growth factors in the nervous system. J Neurobiol 25: 1467–1480.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ehrlich LC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Sutton RL, Rockswold GL, Peterson PK, Chao CC (1998). Cytokine regulation of human microglial cell IL-8 production. J Immunol 160: 1944–1948.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Encinas M, Iglesias M, Liu Y, Wang H, Muhaisen A, Cena V, Gallego C, Comella JX (2000). Sequential treatment of SH-S Y5Y cells with retinoic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gives rise to fully differentiated, neurotrophic factor-dependent, human neuron-like cells. J Neurochem 75: 991–1003.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Everall I, Luthert P, Lantos P (1993). A review of neuronal damage in human immunodeficiency virus infection: its assessment, possible mechanism and relationship to dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52: 561–566.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Everall IP, Heaton RK, Marcotte TD, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Atkinson JH, Grant I, Mallory M, Masliah E, the HNRC Group (1999). Cortical synaptic density is reduced in mild to moderate human immunodeficiency virus neurocognitive disorder. Brain Pathol 9: 209–217.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Everall IP, Trillo-Pazos G, Bell C, Mallory M, Sanders V, Masliah E (2001). Amelioration of neurotoxic effects of HIV envelope protein gp120 by fibroblast growth factor: a strategy for neuroprotection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60: 293–301.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Faris M, Ensoli B, Kokot N, Nel AE (1998). Inflammatory cytokines induce the expresion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) isoforms required for the growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma and endothelial cells through the activation of AP-1 response elements in the bFGF promoter. AIDS 12: 19–27.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gendelman HE, Persidsky Y, Ghorpade A, Limoges J, Stins M, Fiala M, Morrisett R (1997). The neuropathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex. AIDS 11 (Suppl A): S35-S45.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Gendelman HE, Zheng J, Coulter CL, Ghorpade A, Che M, Thylin M, Rubocki R, Persidsky Y, Hahn F, Reinhard J Jr, Swindells S (1998). Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Infect Dis 178: 1000–1007.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gershengorn MC, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Clark-Lewis I (1998). Chemokines activate Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor in mammalian cells in culture. J Clin Invest 102: 1469–1472.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gerszten RE, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lim YC, Yoshida M, Ding HA, Gimbrone MA Jr, Luster AD, Luscinskas FW, Rosenzweig A (1999). MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions. Nature 398: 718–723.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grant I, Heaton R, Atkinson J, Group H (1995). Neurocognitive disorder in HIV-1 infection. In: Current topics in microbiology and immunology HIV and dementia. Vitovic L (ed). Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, pp 9–30.
  Google Scholar
• Guo HG, Browning P, Nicholas J, Hayward GS, Tschachler E, Jiang YW, Sadowska M, Raffeld M, Colombini S, Gallo RC, Reitz MS Jr (1997). Characterization of a chemokine receptor-related gene in human herpesvirus 8 and its expression in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Virology 228: 371–378.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hamilton JF, Morrison PF, Chen MY, Harvey-White J, Pernaute RS, Phillips H, Oldfield E, Bankiewicz KS (2001). Heparin coinfusion during convection-enhanced delivery (CED) increases the distribution of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ligand family in rat striatum and enhances the pharmacological activity of neurturin. Exp Neurol 168: 155–161.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Haughey NJ, Nath A, Mattson MP, Slevin JT, Geiger JD (2001). HIV-1 Tat through phosphorylation of NMDA receptors potentiates glutamate excitotoxicity. J Neurochem 78: 457–467.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Horuk R (1999). Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system. J NeuroVirol 5: 13–26.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Martin AW, Wang Z, Schweitzer L, Gerassimides A, Guo H, Lu Z, Hesselgesser J, Perez HD, Kim J, Parker J, Hadley TJ, Peiper SC (1997). Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. J Immunol 158: 2882–2890.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hashimoto M, Sagara Y, Langford D, Everall IP, Mallory M, Everson A, Digicaylioglu M, Masliah E (2002). Fibroblast growth factor 1 regulates signaling via the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta pathway. Implications for neuroprotection. J Biol Chem 277: 32985–32991.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Huang MB, Khan M, Garcia-Barrio M, Powell M, Bond VC (2001). Apoptotic effects in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures caused by exposure to virion-associated and cell membrane-associated HIV-1 gp120. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 27: 213–221.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Inklestein SP, Kemmou A, Caday CG, Berlove DJ (1993). Basic fibroblast growth factor protects cerebrocortical neurons against excitatory amino acid toxicity in vitro. Stroke 24: 141–143.
  Google Scholar
• Johnston JB, Silva C, Holden J, Warren KG, Clark AW, Power C (2001). Monocyte activation and differentiation augment human endogenous retrovirus expression: implications for inflammatory brain diseases. Ann Neurol 50: 434–442.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaul M, Lipton SA (1999). Chemokines and activated macrophages in HIV gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 8212–8216.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Klint P, Claesson-Welsh L (1999). Signal transduction by fibroblast growth factor receptors. Front Biosci 4: D165-D177.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Klint P, Kanda S, Kloog Y, Claesson-Welsh L (1999). Contribution of Src and Ras pathways in FGF-2 induced endothelial cell differentiation. Oncogene 18: 3354–3364.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Koch AE, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Harlow LA, DiPietro LA, Elner VM, Elner SG, Strieter RM (1992). Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258: 1798–1801.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lalani AS, McFadden G (1999). Evasion and exploitation of chemokines by viruses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 10: 219–233.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lane BR, Lore K, Bock PJ, Andersson J, Coffey MJ, Strieter RM, Markovitz DM (2001a). Interleukin-8 stimulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and is a potential new target for antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 75: 8195–8202.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lane BR, Strieter RM, Coffey MJ, Markovitz DM (2001b). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced GRO-alpha production stimulates HIV-1 replication in macrophages and T lymphocytes. J Virol 75: 5812–5822.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Langford D, Masliah E (2001). Crosstalk between components of the blood brain barrier and cells of the CNS in microglial activation in AIDS. Brain Pathol 11: 306–312.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee TH, Avraham H, Lee SH, Avraham S (2002). Vascular endothelial growth factor modulates neutrophil transendothelial migration via upregulation of interleukin-8 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277: 10445–10451.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liestael K, Goplen AK, Dunlop O, Bruun JN, Maehlen J (1998). Kaposi’s sarcoma and protection fromHIV dementia. Science 280: 361–362.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Limatola C, Ciotti MT, Mercanti D, Vacca F, Ragozzino D, Giovannelli A, Santoni A, Eusebi F, Miledi R (2000). The chemokine growth-related gene product beta protects rat cerebellar granule cells from apoptotic cell death through alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 6197–6201.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Jones M, Hingtgen CM, Bu G, Laribee N, Tanzi RE, Moir RD, Nath A, He JJ (2000). Uptake of HIV-1 tat protein mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptorrelated protein disrupts the neuronal metabolic balance of the receptor ligands. Nat Med 6: 1380–1387.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maggirwar SB, Tong N, Ramirez S, Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S (1999). HIV-1 Tat-mediated activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta contributes to Tat-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 73: 578–586.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mahieux R, Lambert PF, Agbottah E, Halanski MA, Deng L, Kashanchi F, Brady JN (2001). Cell cycle regulation of human interleukin-8 gene expression by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. J Virol 75: 1736–1743.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Major EO, Amemiya K, Tornatore CS, Houff SA, Berger JR (1992). Pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 5: 49–73.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Masliah E, Heaton R, Marcotte T, Ellis R, Wiley C, Mallory M, Achim C, McCutchan A, Nelson J, Atkinson H, Grant I, Group H (1997). Dendritic injury is a pathological substrate for human immunodefficiency virus-related cognitive disorders. Ann Neurol 42: 963–972.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Miike T, Nelson RP, Trudeau WL, Lockey RF, Yodoi J (1993). Elevated serum levels of IL-8 in patients with HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 93: 149–151.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McArthur J, Hoover D, Bacellar H, Miller E, Cohen B, Becker J, Graham N, McArthur J, Selnes O, Jacobson L, Visscher B, Concha M, Saah A (1993). Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Neurology 43: 2245–2252.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mechtcheriakova D, Schabbauer G, Lucerna M, Clauss M, De Martin R, Binder BR, Hofer E (2001). Specificity, diversity, and convergence in VEGF and TNF-alpha signaling events leading to tissue factor up-regulation via EGR-1 in endothelial cells. FASEB J 15: 230–242.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen AA, Bushell TJ, Gray PW, Miller RJ (1998). Chemokines regulate hippocampal neuronal signaling and gp120 neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 14500–14505.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mizuno Y, Takada H, Urakami K, Ihara K, Kira R, Suminoe A, Ohga S, Aoki T, Hara T (2000). Neurotrophin-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid from children with bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, or encephalitis. J Child Neurol 15: 19–21.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mori N, Mukaida N, Ballard DW, Matsushima K, Yamamoto N (1998). Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax trans-activates human interleukin 8 gene through acting concurrently on AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB-like sites. Cancer Res 58: 3993–4000.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mori N, Murakami S, Oda S, Prager D, Eto S (1995). Production of interleukin 8 in adult T-cell leukemia cells: possible transactivation of the interleukin 8 gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax. Cancer Res 55: 3592–3597.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morrison RS, Sharma A, de Vellis J, Bradshaw RA (1986). Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7537–7541.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mrak RE, Sheng JG, Griffin WS (1995). Glial cytokines in Alzheimer’s disease: review and pathogenic implications. Hum Pathol 26: 816–823.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Murdoch C, Finn A (2000). Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95: 3032–3043.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Murphy D, Reuter S, Trojanowski J, Lee V-Y (2000). Synucleins are developmentally expressed, and α-synuclein regulates the size of the presynaptic vesicular pool in primary hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 20: 3214–3220.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Murphy PM (2001). Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry. Nat Immunol 2: 116–122.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nath A, Conant K, Chen P, Scott C, Major EO (1999). Transient exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein results in cytokine production in macrophages and astrocytes. A hit and run phenomenon. J Biol Chem 274: 17098–17102.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nath A, Psooy K, Martin C, Knudsen B, Magnuson DS, Haughey N, Geiger JD (1996). Identification of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat epitope that is neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic. J Virol 70: 1475–1480.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nottet H (1999). Interactions between macrophages and brain microvascular endothelial cells: role in pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and blood-brain barrier function. J NeuroVirol 5: 659–669.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pakzaban P, Chiocca EA (1994). Nerve growth factor protects against herpes simplex virus type 1 neurotoxicity in the rat striatum. Neuroreport 5: 993–996.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pap M, Cooper GM (1998). Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway. J Biol Chem 273: 19929–19932.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Park IW, Wang JF, Groopman JE (2001). HIV-1 Tat promotes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion followed by transmigration of monocytes. Blood 97: 352–358.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pereira CF, Middel J, Jansen G, Verhoef J, Nottet HS (2001). Enhanced expression of fractalkine in HIV-1 associated dementia. J Neuroimmunol 115: 168–175.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Perez A, Probert AW, Wang KK, Sharmeen L (2001). Evaluation of HIV-1 Tat induced neurotoxicity in rat cortical cell culture. J NeuroVirol 7: 1–10.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Persidsky Y, Limoges J, Rasmussen J, Zheng J, Gearing A, Gendelman HE (2001). Reduction in glial immunity and neuropathology by a PAF antagonist and an MMP and TNFalpha inhibitor in SCID mice with HIV-1 encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 114: 57–68.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Persidsky Y, Zheng J, Miller D, Gendelman HE (2000). Mononuclear phagocytes mediate blood-brain barrier compromise and neuronal injury during HIV-1-associated dementia. J Leukoc Biol 68: 413–422.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Plate KH (1999). Mechanisms of angiogenesis in the brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58: 313–320.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Poluektova L, Moran T, Zelivyanskaya M, Swindells S, Gendelman HE, Persidsky Y (2001). The regulation of alpha chemokines during HIV-1 infection and leukocyte activation: relevance for HIV-1-associated dementia. J Neuroimmunol 120: 112–128.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Puma C, Danik M, Quirion R, Ramon F, Williams S (2001). The chemokine interleukin-8 acutely reduces Ca(2+) currents in identified cholinergic septal neurons expressing CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor mRNAs. J Neurochem 78: 960–971.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ramirez SH, Sanchez JF, Dimitri CA, Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB (2001). Neurotrophins prevent HIV Tat-induced neuronal apoptosis via a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem 78: 874–889.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Renaud F, Desset S, Loiver L, Gimenez-Gallego G, Van Obberghen E, Coutois Y, Laurent M (1996). The neurotrophic activity of fbroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) depends on endogenous FGF1 expression and is independent of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade pathway. J Biol Chem 271: 2801–2811.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robbins D (1999). Pathologic basis of disease, 6th ed. WB Saunders: Philadelphia.
  Google Scholar
• Rolinski B, Heigermoser A, Lederer E, Bogner JR, Loch O, Goebel FD (1999). Endothelin-1 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients with encephalopathy. Infection 27: 244–247.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Saarelainen T, Vaittinen S, Castren E (2001). trkB-receptor activation contributes to the kainate-induced increase in BDNF mRNA synthesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 21: 429–435.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Saarma M, Sariola H (1999). Other neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Microsc Res Tech 45: 292–302.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salcedo R, Wasserman K, Young HA, Grimm MC, Howard OM, Anver MR, Kleinman HK, Murphy WJ, Oppenheim JJ (1999). Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor induce expression of CXCR4 on human endothelial cells: in vivo neurovascularization induced by stromal-derived factor-1alpha. Am J Pathol 154: 1125–1135.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sanders V, Everall IP, Johnson RW, Masliah E, the HNRC Group (2000). Fibroblast growth factor modulates HIV co-receptor expression by neural cells. J Neurosci Res 59: 671–679.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Scheidegger P, Weiglhofer W, Suarez S, Console S, Waltenberger J, Pepper MS, Jaussi R, Ballmer-Hofer K (2001). Signalling properties of an HIV-encoded angiogenic peptide mimicking vascular endothelial growth factor activity. Biochem J 353: 569–578.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sendtner M, Arakawa Y, Stockli KA, Kreutzberg GW, Thoenen H (1991). Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on motoneuron survival. J Cell Sci Suppl 15: 103–109.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shepard LW, Yang M, Xie P, Browning DD, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T, Kozasa T, Ye RD (2001). Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B and secretion of interleukin-8 induced by the G protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus involve G alpha(13) and RhoA. J Biol Chem 276: 45979–45987.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shi Q, Xiong Q, Le X, Xie K (2001). Regulation of interleukin-8 expression by tumor-associated stress factors. J Interferon Cytokine Res 21: 553–566.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith GL, Symons JA, Alcami A (1999). Immune modulation by proteins secreted from cells infected by vaccinia virus. Arch Virol Suppl 15: 111–129.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith GL, Symons JA, Khanna A, Vanderplasschen A, Alcami A (1997). Vaccinia virus immune evasion. Immunol Rev 159: 137–154.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sobue K, Yamamoto N, Yoneda K, Hodgson M, Yamashiro K, Tsuruoka N, Katsuya H, Miura Y, Asai K, Kato T (1999). Induction of bloodbrain barrier properties in immortalized bovine brain endothelial cells by astrocytic factors. Neurosci Res 35: 155–164.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sporer B, Koedel U, Paul R, Kohleisen B, Erfle V, Fontana A, Pfister H (2000). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Nef protein induces blood-brain barrier disruption in the rat: role of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Neuroimmunol 102: 125–130.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Starace F, Dijkgraaf M, Houweling H, Postma M, Tramarin A (1998). HIV-associated dementia: clinical, epidemiological and resource utilization issues. AIDS Care 10 (Suppl 2): S113-S121.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Thorns V, Masliah E (1999). Evidence for neuroprotective effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58: 296–306.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Toneatto S, Finco O, van der Putten H, Abrignani S, Annunziata P (1999). Evidence of blood-brain barrier alteration and activation in HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice. AIDS 13: 2343–2348.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tong N, Perry SW, Zhang Q, James HJ, Guo H, Brooks A, Bal H, Kinnear SA, Fine S, Epstein LG, Dairaghi D, Schall TJ, Gendelman HE, Dewhurst S, Sharer LR, Gelbard HA (2000). Neuronal fractalkine expression in HIV-1 encephalitis: roles for macrophage recruitment and neuroprotection in the central nervous system. J Immunol 164: 1333–1339.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Torres MA, Eldar-Finkelman H, Krebs EG, Moon RT (1999). Regulation of ribosomal S6 protein kinase-p90(rsk), glycogen synthase kinase3, and beta-catenin in early Xenopus development. Mol Cell Biol 19: 1427–1437.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tyor W, Glass J, Griffin J, Becker P, McArthur J, Bezman L, Griffin D (1992). Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 31: 349–360.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ullrich C, Groopman J, Ganju R (2000). HIV-1 gp120- and gp160-induced apoptosis in cultures endothelial cells is mediated by caspases. Blood 96: 1438–1442.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• von Herrath MG, Oldstone MB (1996). Virus-induced autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 8: 878–885.
  Google Scholar
• Walicke PA, Baird A (1988). Neurotrophic effects of basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors are not mediated through glial cells. Brain Res 468: 71–79.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weiss JM, Nath A, Major EO, Berman JW (1999). HIV-1 Tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes. J Immunol 163: 2953–2959.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wiley C, Achim C (1994). HIV encephalitis is the pathologic correlate of dementia in AIDS. Ann Neurol 36: 673–676.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wiley C, Schrier R, Nelson J, Lampert P, Oldstone M (1986). Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brain of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7089–7093.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wiley CA, Achim CL, Christopherson C, Kidane Y, Kwok S, Masliah E, Mellors J, Radhakrishnan L, Wang G, Soontornniyomkij V (1999). HIV mediates a productive infection of the brain. AIDS 13: 2055–2059.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Williams EJ, Doherty P (1999). Evidence for and against a pivotal role of PI3-kinase in a neuronal cell survival pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 13: 272–280.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Woodman SE, Benveniste EN, Nath A, Berman JW (1999). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAT protein induces adhesion molecule expression in astrocytes. J NeuroVirol 5: 678–684.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xia M, Qin S, McNamara M, Mackay C, Hyman BT (1997). Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 150: 1267–1274.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xiong H, Zeng YC, Lewis T, Zheng J, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2000). HIV-1 infected mononuclear phagocyte secretory products affect neuronal physiology leading to cellular demise: relevance for HIV-1-associated dementia. J NeuroVirol 6 (Suppl 1): S14-S23.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yeh MW, Kaul M, Zheng J, Nottet HS, Thylin M, Gendelman HE, Lipton SA (2000). Cytokine-stimulated, but not HIV-infected, human monocyte-derived macrophages produce neurotoxic levels of l-cysteine. J Immunol 164: 4265–4270.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zidovetzki R, Chen P, Chen M, Hofman FM (1999). Endothelin-1-induced interleukin-8 production in human brain-derived endothelial cells is mediated by the protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase pathways. Blood 94: 1291–1299.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zink WE, Zheng J, Persidsky Y, Poluektova L, Gendelman HE (1999). The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 26: 233–241.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar