The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress* | Greece & Rome | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

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‘The toga was a garment worthy of the masters of the world, flowing, solemn, eloquent but with over-complication in its arrangement and a little too much emphatic affectation in the self-conscious tumult of its folds.’

References

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  2. Wilson, L. M., The Roman Toga (Baltimore, 1924), 127Google Scholar.

  3. Pottier, E. in the preface of Heuzey, L., Histoire du costume antique d 'aprés des études sur le modéle vivant (Paris, 1922), xGoogle Scholar.

  4. Wilson, L. M., op. cit. (n. 2) and The Clothing of the Ancient Romans (Baltimore, 1938)Google Scholar; hereafter, Wilson (1924) and Wilson (1938).

  5. Bardon, M. F. Dandre, Costume des anciens peuples à I'usage des artistes (new edition ed. Cochin, M., Paris, 1784–1786)Google Scholar.

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  8. Bieber, M., Ancient Copies. Contributions to the History of Greek and Roman Art (New York, 1977)Google Scholar and Griechische Kleidung (Berlin and Leipzig, 1928)Google Scholar.

  9. Stone, S., ‘The Toga: From National to Ceremonial Costume’ in Sebesta and Bonfante, op. cit. (n.9), 21Google Scholar.

  10. Reynolds, J., Seventh Discourse (1776)Google Scholar, as quoted by Ribeiro, A., Dress in Eighteenth Century Europe 1715–1789 (London, 1984), 163Google Scholar.

  11. Wilson (1924), 43. See also Stone, op. cit. (n. 13), 17–21.

  12. See, e.g., Gregory, A. P., ‘Powerful Images: responses to portraits and the political uses of images in Rome’, JRA 7 (1994), 80–99Google Scholar.

  13. On the colours of Roman costume, see J. L. Sebesta, ‘Tunica Ralla, Tunica Spissa: The Colors and Textiles of Roman Costume’ in Sebesta, and Bonfante, , op. cit. (n. 9), 65–76Google Scholar.

  14. Whittaker, C. R., ‘The Poor’ in Giardina, A. (ed.), The Romans (trans. L. G. Cochrane, Chicago and London, 1993), 286Google Scholar.

  15. On the textiles and clothes of the provinces, see e.g. The articles by B. Goldman and L. A. Roussin in Sebesta and Bonfante, op. cit. (n. 9).

  16. Wild, J. P., The Textiles from Vindolanda (1973–1975) (Haltwhistle, 1977)Google Scholar.

  17. See the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, rooms 43 and 101.

  18. See Brewster, E. Hampson, ‘The _Synthesis_of the Romans’, TAPA 49 (1918), 131–43Google Scholar; McDaniel, W. B., ‘Roman Dinner Garments’, CP 20 (1925), 268–70Google Scholar.

  19. Diocletian's edict on maximum prices: Frank, T., An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome v (Baltimore, 1940), 307–421Google Scholar.

  20. On the wearing of patched clothes, see Ammianus Marcellinus 15.12.2.

  21. Ammianus Marcellinus 14.6.9.

  22. Theodosian Code 19.10.

  23. Quintilian 11.3.137 and 156.

  24. Tertullian, De Pallio.

  25. Trevor-Roper, H., ‘The Invention of Tradition: the Highland Tradition of Scotland’ in Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 15–41Google Scholar.

  26. Aulus Gellius 6.12.3–4.

  27. Theodosian Code 10.21.3.

  28. Martial 2.39. For a brief discussion of toga-wearing women, see J. L. Sebesta, ‘Symbolism in the Costume of the Roman Woman’ in Sebesta, and Bonfante, , op. cit. (n. 9), 50Google Scholar and Hinds, S., ‘The Poetess and the Reader: further steps towards Sulpicia’, Hermathena 143 (Winter 1987)Google Scholar.

  29. Martial 3.46.1: ‘endless exertion in a toga’.

  30. Braund, D., ‘Function and Dysfunction: personal patronage in Roman imperialism’ in Wallace-Hadrill, A., Patronage in Ancient Society (London, 1989), 137Google Scholar.

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  33. Charles-Picard, G., La civilisation de I'Afrique romaine (Paris, 1959), 229Google Scholar.

  34. Letter from Pope Celestine I to the bishops of Vienna and Narbonne, as quoted by Macalister, R. A. S., Ecclesiastical Vestments (London, 1896), 26–27Google Scholar.

  35. Hollander, A., Seeing Through Clothes (New York, 1978), 311Google Scholar.