Morals and the human brain: a working model : NeuroReport (original) (raw)

REVIEW

1Neuroimaging and Behavioral Neurology Group (GNNC), LABS-Hospitais D'Or, Rua Pinheiro Guimarães, 22/4° andar, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-080

2Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Behavioral Science and Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

CACorresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Morality has been at the center of informal talks and metaphysical discussions since the beginning of history. Recently, converging lines of evidence from evolutionary biology, neuroscience and experimental psychology have shown that morality is grounded in the brain. This article reviews the main lines of investigation indicating that moral behavior is a product of evolutionary pressures that shaped the neurobehavioral processes related to the selective perception of social cues, the experience of moral emotions and the adaption of behavioral responses to the social milieu. These processes draw upon specific cortical–subcortical loops that organize social cognition, emotion and motivation into uniquely human forms of experience and behavior. We put forth a model of brain–behavior relationships underlying moral reasoning and emotion that accommodates the impairments of moral behavior observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. This model provides a framework for empirical testing with current methods of neurobehavioral analysis.