Multiple organ failure in sepsis: prognosis and role of... : Current Opinion in Critical Care (original) (raw)

Gastrointestinal system: Edited by Rajiv Jalan

Multiple organ failure in sepsis: prognosis and role of systemic inflammatory response

aDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Pancreatology, Erasme Hospital, Belgium

bLaboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

cINSERM U773, Centre de recherche biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon (CRB3), Université Denis Diderot Parsi VII, Paris, France

Correspondence to Thierry Gustot, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Pancreatology, Erasme Hospital, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 25553715; fax: +32 25554697; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Purpose of review

To describe the pathogenesis and emphasize prognosis of systemic inflammatory response during severe infection.

Recent findings

Host immune response enables to confine and clear microorganisms. Sometimes for current unknown reason depending on host (genetic susceptibilities and comorbidities) and pathogen (load and virulence) factors, this reaction is accompanied by a widespread reaction characterized by a first pro-inflammatory response (called at the bedside, systemic inflammatory response syndrome) and a following ‘immune paralysis’ (compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome) responsible for secondary infections. There are three recognized stages of severe host response to pathogen with progressively increased mortality rates: sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. This excessive reaction induces microthrombi formation, capillary obstruction by red blood cells losing their deformability, microcirculatory alterations, tissue edema by capillary leak, and neutrophil recruitment leading to multiple tissue damages, organ failures (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) and finally to death. Despite the early detection, the use of modern antibiotics and new resuscitation therapies, sepsis remains a leading cause of death in critically ill patients.

Summary

Sepsis is viewed as an excessive host response to pathogen inducing a complex network of molecular cascades leading to tissue damages, organ failures, and death.