The Role of Noninvasive Tests for Differentiating NASH From ... : Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology (original) (raw)

CLINICAL REVIEWS

The Role of Noninvasive Tests for Differentiating NASH From NAFL and Diagnosing Advanced Fibrosis Among Patients With NAFLD

*Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

†Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center

‡Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, La Jolla, CA

R.L. receives funding support from NIEHS (5P42ES010337), NCATS (5UL1TR001442), and NIDDK (R01DK106419).

R.L. serves as a consultant or advisory board member for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bird Rock Bio, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myer Squibb, Celgene, Cirius, CohBar, Conatus, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gemphire, Gilead, Glympse bio, GNI, GRI Bio, Intercept, Ionis, Janssen Inc., Merck, Metacrine, Inc., NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prometheus, Sanofi, Siemens, and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institution has received grant support from Allergan, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cirius, Eli Lilly and Company, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, GE, Genfit, Gilead, Intercept, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, NuSirt, Pfizer, Prometheus, and Siemens. He is also cofounder of Liponexus, Inc. The remaining authors declare that they have nothing to disclose.

Address correspondence to: Maya Balakrishnan, MD, MPH, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 (e-mail: [email protected]).

Abstract

Assessing for the presence of non–alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the presence of advanced fibrosis is vital among patients with non–alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as each is predictive of disease outcomes. A liver biopsy is the gold standard method for doing so but is impossible to perform among all patients with NAFLD. Reliable methods for noninvasively detecting for the presence of NASH and advanced fibrosis are thus a pressing need. The search for noninvasive tests has been more successful for advanced fibrosis than for NASH. Clinical prediction models and elastography have acceptable accuracy for ruling out advanced fibrosis; when used together, as in a fibrosis prediction algorithm presented in this review, it can avoid the need for liver biopsy among many patients with NAFLD. Several biomarkers for identifying the presence of NASH have been studied but none are sufficiently accurate or validated. Of those studied, the most promising include CK-18 fragments, lipodomic and metabolomics candidates, and magnetic resonance elastography with proton density fat fraction. However, none are ready for clinical use and ultimately large multicenter prospective cohort studies are needed to validate select novel biomarkers.