Population genomics of postglacial western eurasia (original) (raw)

New Results

, View ORCID ProfileMartin Sikora, View ORCID ProfileAlba Refoyo-Martínez, View ORCID ProfileEvan K. Irving-Pease, View ORCID ProfileAnders Fischer, View ORCID ProfileWilliam Barrie, Andrés Ingason, Jesper Stenderup, View ORCID ProfileKarl-Göran Sjögren, Alice Pearson, View ORCID ProfileBárbara Sousa da Mota, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, Alma Halgren, View ORCID ProfileRuairidh Macleod, View ORCID ProfileMarie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Fabrice Demeter, Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, View ORCID ProfileRasmus A. Henriksen, View ORCID ProfileTharsika Vimala, View ORCID ProfileHugh McColl, View ORCID ProfileAshot Margaryan, Melissa Ilardo, Andrew Vaughn, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede, View ORCID ProfileNiels Nørkjær Johannsen, Peter Rasmussen, View ORCID ProfileLasse Vinner, Gabriel Renaud, Aaron Stern, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, View ORCID ProfileGabriele Scorrano, View ORCID ProfileHannes Schroeder, Per Lysdahl, View ORCID ProfileAbigail Daisy Ramsøe, Andrei Skorobogatov, View ORCID ProfileAndrew Joseph Schork, View ORCID ProfileAnders Rosengren, View ORCID ProfileAnthony Ruter, View ORCID ProfileAlan Outram, View ORCID ProfileAleksey A. Timoshenko, View ORCID ProfileAlexandra Buzhilova, Alfredo Coppa, View ORCID ProfileAlisa Zubova, View ORCID ProfileAna Maria Silva, Anders J. Hansen, View ORCID ProfileAndrey Gromov, Andrey Logvin, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, View ORCID ProfileBorja González-Rabanal, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Catriona J. McKenzie, Charleen Gaunitz, Concepción Blasco, Corina Liesau, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov, David Cuenca-Solana, David O. Lordkipanidze, Dmitri En’shin, Domingo C. Salazar-García, T. Douglas Price, Dušan Borić, Elena Kostyleva, Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya, Emma R. Usmanova, View ORCID ProfileEnrico Cappellini, Erik Brinch Petersen, Esben Kannegaard, Francesca Radina, View ORCID ProfileFulya Eylem Yediay, Henri Duday, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Ilya Merts, Inna Potekhina, Irina Shevnina, View ORCID ProfileIsin Altinkaya, Jean Guilaine, View ORCID ProfileJesper Hansen, View ORCID ProfileJoan Emili Aura Tortosa, View ORCID ProfileJoão Zilhão, Jorge Vega, Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, Krzysztof Tunia, View ORCID ProfileLei Zhao, Liudmila N. Mylnikova, Lars Larsson, Laure Metz, View ORCID ProfileLevon Yepiskoposyan, Lisbeth Pedersen, Lucia Sarti, View ORCID ProfileLudovic Orlando, View ORCID ProfileLudovic Slimak, Lutz Klassen, View ORCID ProfileMalou Blank, View ORCID ProfileManuel González-Morales, Mara Silvestrini, Maria Vretemark, Marina S. Nesterova, View ORCID ProfileMarina Rykun, Mario Federico Rolfo, View ORCID ProfileMarzena Szmyt, Marcin Przybyła, Mauro Calattini, View ORCID ProfileMikhail Sablin, Miluše Dobisíková, Morten Meldgaard, View ORCID ProfileMorten Johansen, View ORCID ProfileNatalia Berezina, Nick Card, Nikolai A. Saveliev, View ORCID ProfileOlga Poshekhonova, Olga Rickards, View ORCID ProfileOlga V. Lozovskaya, Olivér Gábor, Otto Christian Uldum, Paola Aurino, View ORCID ProfilePavel Kosintsev, Patrice Courtaud, Patricia Ríos, Peder Mortensen, Per Lotz, Per Persson, View ORCID ProfilePernille Bangsgaard, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Peter Vang Petersen, View ORCID ProfilePilar Prieto Martinez, Piotr Włodarczak, Roman V. Smolyaninov, View ORCID ProfileRikke Maring, Roberto Menduiña, Ruben Badalyan, View ORCID ProfileRune Iversen, Ruslan Turin, Sergey Vasilyev, Sidsel Wåhlin, View ORCID ProfileSvetlana Borutskaya, Svetlana Skochina, Søren Anker Sørensen, Søren H. Andersen, Thomas Jørgensen, Yuri B. Serikov, Vyacheslav I. Molodin, View ORCID ProfileVaclav Smrcka, Victor Merz, Vivek Appadurai, View ORCID ProfileVyacheslav Moiseyev, View ORCID ProfileYvonne Magnusson, Kurt H. Kjær, View ORCID ProfileNiels Lynnerup, View ORCID ProfileDaniel J. Lawson, View ORCID ProfilePeter H. Sudmant, Simon Rasmussen, Thorfinn Korneliussen, View ORCID ProfileRichard Durbin, View ORCID ProfileRasmus Nielsen, View ORCID ProfileOlivier Delaneau, View ORCID ProfileThomas Werge, View ORCID ProfileFernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen, View ORCID ProfileEske Willerslev

doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.04.490594

Loading

Summary

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. To investigate the cross-continental impacts we shotgun-sequenced 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic genomes from across Northern and Western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from >1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘Great Divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the impact of the neolithisation was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacements of HGs in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, while east of the Urals relatedness remained high until ∼4,000 BP, consistent with persistence of localised HG groups. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive but we demonstrate that HGs from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya-groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora Culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

Copyright

The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.