2 (c-TiO₂) layer, the number of mesoporous TiO₂ (m-TiO₂) layers and the aging time before Ag deposition. Our results demonstrated that etching of FTO substrate with Zn/HCl is an essential step and has a major effect on the solar cell's open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, we demonstrate new and improved protocols for the complete cleaning of FTO substrates. Despite the use of sonication and plasma etching in previous cleaning techniques, SEM images clearly show black clouds in the samples, which may be due to residual Zn particles in the FTO grooves. Thus, a soft toothbrush was used with detergent before sonication to detach the remaining Zn particles. In addition, the optimum number of spin coated layers of compact and mesoporous TiO₂ precursors was investigated. We found that one mesoporous and two compact TiO₂ layers were required to obtain a homogenous pinhole-free compact layer. Consequently, we demonstrate that using these optimized device fabrication procedures, a high efficiency of 17.96% for 6 mol% Co³⁺-doped TiO₂ solar cells can be obtained in comparison to 16.98% for pristine TiO₂-based cells. Such cells are particularly important for wearable applications that require a small area and a high energy.">

Optimization of key parameters towards high performance perovskite solar cells (original) (raw)

IEEE Account

Purchase Details

Profile Information

Need Help?

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
© Copyright 2026 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.