$t$-

$test$

value exceeding the threshold of unprotected NTT scheme from 77.38% to 3.91%. An ingenious shuffling transform process is also proposed to disturb the calculation sequence of butterfly transformation, adapting to the high-throughput architecture of R2MDC-NTT. This shuffling NTT scheme does not require operations to remove shuffle or additional operation cycles, reducing the leakage ratio to 13.49% with minimal extra hardware resources and wide applicability. The proposed masking and shuffling techniques effectively suppress side-channel leakage, improving the security of hardware architecture while maintaining a balance between overall performance and additional hardware resources.">

Two Low-Cost and Security-Enhanced Implementations Against Side-Channel Attacks of NTT for Lattice-Based Cryptography (original) (raw)

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