A New Global Effort to Control Malaria (original) (raw)
Science
4 Oct 2002
Vol 298, Issue 5591
pp. 122-124
Abstract
The time has come to resurrect a worldwide effort to control malaria, following decades of neglect during which the disease has resurged in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and other endemic regions.
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REFERENCES AND NOTES
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Sachs J., et al., Nature 415, 680 (2002).
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Holt R., et al., Science 298, 129 (2002).
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Gardner M. J., et al., Nature 419, 498 (2002).
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Hoffman C. A., Hoffman S. L., Science 297, 345 (2002).
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The basic reproduction rate increases with temperature (and thus is higher in the tropics) and depends on the human biting rate of the vector, which is particularly high for the dominant African vectors Anopheles gambiae, A. arabiensis, and A. funestus.
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K. Dietz, in Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology, W. H. Wernsdorfer, I. McGregor, Eds. (Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1988), vol. 2, pp. 1091–1133.
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Utzinger J., et al., Trop. Med. Int. Health 6, 677 (2001).
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Utzinger J., et al., Trop. Med. Int. Health 7, 657 (2002).
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DDT still reduces the longevity of DDT-resistant mosquitoes, thereby reducing the force of transmission. DDT's use for indoor residual spraying poses no known ecological dangers, as opposed to its use in much greater volumes for agriculture.
10
Some health-sector loans included small amounts for malaria control. See the “Project Database” on the Malaria Home Page of the World Bank, www.worldbank.org.
11
The WHO commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2001) estimated that the direct costs of malaria prevention and treatment would require an additional $2.5 billion per year by 2007, but that estimate does not fully account for the increased overhead costs of an expanded health system, nor the costs of introducing new drugs to overcome drug resistance.
12
A. Spielman et al., Industrial Anti-Malaria Policies (Center for International Development, Harvard University, 2002).
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World Economic Forum, Global Health Initiative: Resource Paper (Geneva, February 2002.)
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World Health Organization, Commission on Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development (Geneva, 2001).
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Gallup J. L., Sachs J. D., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 85 (2001).
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