G. Breit, E.U. Condon, R.D. Present, Phys. Rev. 50, 825 (1936); B. Cassen, E.U. Condon, Phys. Rev. 50, 846 (1936); G. Breit, E. Feenberg, Phys. Rev. 50, 850 (1936). This symmetry was suggested by the discovery of the equality of proton-proton and proton-neutron forces by M.A. Tuve, N. Heydenberg, L.R. Hafstad, Phys. Rev. 50, 806 (1936). Heisenberg had earlier used an isotopic spin formalism, but without introducing any symmetry beyond invariance under interchange of protons and neutrons ArticleMATH Google Scholar
M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Rev. 92, 833 (1953); T. Nakano, K. Nishijima, Prog. Theor. Phys. 10, 581 (1955) Article Google Scholar
T. Lee, C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956); C.S. Wu et al. Phys. Rev. 105, 1413 (1957); R. Garwin, M. Lederman, M. Weinrich, Phys. Rev. 105, 1415 (1957); J.I. Friedman, V.L. Telegdi, Phys. Rev. 105, 1681 Article Google Scholar
J.H. Christensen, J.W. Cronin, V.L. Fitch, R. Turlay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964) Article Google Scholar
M. Gell-Mann, Cal. Tech. Synchrotron Lab Report CTSL-20 (1961); Y. Ne’eman, Nucl. Phys. 26, 222 (1961) Article Google Scholar
M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Lett. 8, 214 (1964); G. Zweig, CERN preprint TH401 (1964). Earlier, it had been suggested that baryon number should be included in the hadron symmetry group by expanding SU(3) to U(3) rather than SU(3) \(\times \) U(1), with each lower or upper index in a tensor representation of U(3) carrying a baryon number 1/3 or −1/3, respectively, by H. Goldberg, Y. Ne’eman, Nuovo Cimento 27, 1 (1963) Google Scholar
E.D. Bloom et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 930 (1969); M. Briedenbach et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 935 (1969); J.L. Friedman, H.W. Kendall, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 22, 203 (1972) Article Google Scholar
J.D. Bjorken, Phys. Rev. 179, 1547 (1969); R.P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 1415 (1969) Article Google Scholar
B. de Witt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 742 (1964); Phys. Rev. 162, 1195 (1967); L.D. Faddeev, V.N. Popov, Phys. Lett. B 25, 29 (1967); also see R.P. Feynman, Acta Phys. Pol. 24, 697 (1963); S. Mandelstam, Phys. Rev. 175, 1580, 1604 (1968) Article Google Scholar
E.C.G. Sudarshan, R.E. Marshak, in Proceedings of the Padua-Venice Conference on Mesons and Recently Discovered Particles, p. v-14 (1957); Phys. Rev. 109, 1860 (1958); R.P. Feynman, M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Rev. 109, 193 (1958) Google Scholar
J. Schwinger, Ann. Phys. 2, 407 (1957); T.D. Lee, C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 108, 1611 (1957); 119, 1410 (1960); S. Bludman, Nuovo Cimento 9, 433 (1958); J. Leite-Lopes, Nucl. Phys. 8. 234 (1958); S.L. Glashow, Nucl. Phys. 22, 519 (1961); A. Salam, J.C. Ward, Phys. Lett. 13, 168 (1964) MathSciNetMATH Google Scholar
A. Komar, A. Salam, Nucl. Phys. 21, 624 (1960); H. Umezawa and S. Kamefuchi, Nucl. Phys. 23, 399 (1961); S. Kamefuchi, L. O’ Raifeartaigh, A. Salam, Nucl. Phys. 28, 529 (1961); A. Salam, Phys. Rev. 127, 331 (1962); M. Veltman, Nucl. Phys. B 7, 637 (1968); Nucl. Phys. 21, 288 (1970); D. Boulware, Ann. Phys. 56, 140 (1970) Article Google Scholar
W. Heisenberg, lecture “What is an Elementary Particle?” to the German Physical Society on March 5, 1975, reprinted in English translation in Encounters with Einstein And Other Essays of People, Places, and Particles (Princeton University Press, 1983)
P.W. Higgs, Phys. Lett. 12, 132 (1964); Phys. Lett. 13, 508 (1964); Phys. Rev. 145, 1156 (1966). Also see G. S. Guralnik, C. Hagen, T.W.B. Kibble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 585 (1964) Article Google Scholar
M. Gell-Mann, M. Lévy, Nuovo Cimento 16, 705 (1960); J. Bernstein, S. Fubini, M. Gell-Mann, W. Thirring, Nuovo Cimento 17, 757 (1960); K-C. Chou, Soviet Physics JETP 12, 492 (1961) MATH Google Scholar
Y. Nambu, D. Lurie, Phys. Rev. 125, 1429 (1962); Y. Nambu and E. Shrauner, Phys. Rev. 128, 862 (1962). These predictions were generalized by S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 879 (1966) Article Google Scholar
J. Bardeen, L.N. Cooper, J.R. Schrieffer, Phys. Rev. 108, 1175 (1957) MATH Google Scholar
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D 19, 1277 (1979); L. Susskind, Phys. Rev. D 19, 2619 (1979) Article Google Scholar
R.P. Feynman, The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Ph.D. thesis, 1942; University Microfilms Publication No. 2948, Ann Arbor.) This work was in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Feynman later applied this formalism to the Dirac theory of electrons, but its application to a full-fledged quantum field theory was the work of other authors, including some of those in [10]
I reported this work later in Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1688 (1971) and described it in more detail in Phys. Rev. D 7, 1068 (1973) Google Scholar
B.W. Lee, J. Zinn-Justin, Phys. Rev. D 5, 3121, 3137, 3155 (1972) Article Google Scholar
G. ‘t Hooft, M. Veltman, Nucl. Phys. B 44, 189 (1972); Nucl. Phys. B 50. 318 (1972) Article Google Scholar
C. Becchi, A. Rouet, R. Stora, Commun. Math. Phys. 42, 127 (1975);Ann. Phys. 98, 287 (1976); I.V. Tyutin, Lebedev Institute preprint N39 (1975) Google Scholar
C.G. Callan, Phys. Rev. D 2, 1541 (1970); K. Symanzik, Commun. Math. Phys. 18, 227 (1970); C.G. Callan, S. Coleman, R. Jackiw, Ann. of Phys. (New York) 47, 773 (1973) Article Google Scholar
O.W. Greenberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 598 (1964); M.Y. Han and Y. Nambu, Phys. Rev. B 139, 1006 (1965); W.A. Bardeen, H. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann, in Scale and Conformal Symmetry in Hadron Physics, R. Gatto, ed. (Wiley, New York, 1973), p. 139 Article Google Scholar
H. Georgi, H.D. Politzer, Phys. Rev. D 9, 416 (1974); D. J. Gross, F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. D 9, 980 (1974) Article Google Scholar
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 494 (1973); D.J. Gross, F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. D 8, 3633 (1973); H. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann, and H. Leutwyler, Phys. Lett. B 47, 365 (1973) Article Google Scholar
S. Weinberg, [58]
M. Gell-Mann, [5]; S. Okubo, Prog. Theor. Phys. 27, 949 (1962) Google Scholar
S. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos, L. Maiani, Phys. Rev. D 2, 1285 (1970) Article Google Scholar
S. Weinberg, [47]
C. Bouchiat, J. Iliopoulos, P. Meyer, Phys. Lett. B 38, 519 (1972); S. Weinberg, in Fundamental Interactions in Physics and Astrophysics, eds.G. Iverson et al. (Plenum Press, New York, 1973), p. 157 Article Google Scholar