Population-based neuropathological studies of dementia: design, methods and areas of investigation – a systematic review (original) (raw)

References

  1. Hofman A, Rocca WA, Brayne C, Breteler MM, Clarke M, Cooper B, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, da Silva Droux A, Hagnell O: The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980–1990 findings. Eurodem Prevalence Research Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1991, 20: 736-748.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  2. Nourhashemi F, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Andrieu S, Ghisolfi A, Ousset PJ, Grandjean H, Grand A, Pous J, Vellas B, Albarede JL: Alzheimer disease: protective factors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 71: 643S-649S.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  3. Amaducci L: Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing: incidence study of dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 1992, 11 (Suppl 1): 19-22.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  4. Dartigues JF, Gagnon M, Michel P, Letenneur L, Commenges D, Barberger-Gateau P, Auriacombe S, Rigal B, Bedry R, Alperovitch A, et al: [The Paquid research program on the epidemiology of dementia. Methods and initial results]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1991, 147: 225-230.
    CAS Google Scholar
  5. de Leeuw FE, de Groot JC, Achten E, Oudkerk M, Ramos LM, Heijboer R, Hofman A, Jolles J, van Gijn J, Breteler MM: Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: a population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001, 70: 9-14. 10.1136/jnnp.70.1.9.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  6. Kuller LH, Ganguli M, Ratcliff GG, Huff FJ, Belle SH, Detre KM: The University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry: the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (MoVIES). Aging (Milano). 1990, 2: 302-305.
    CAS Google Scholar
  7. Waite LM, Broe GA, Creasey H, Grayson D, Edelbrock D, O'Toole B: Neurological signs, aging, and the neurodegenerative syndromes. Arch Neurol. 1996, 53: 498-502.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  8. Galasko D, Hansen LA, Katzman R, Wiederholt W, Masliah E, Terry R, Hill LR, Lessin P, Thal LJ: Clinical-neuropathological correlations in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Arch Neurol. 1994, 51: 888-895.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  9. Osuntokun BO, Bademosi O: Parkinsonism in the Nigerian African: a prospective study of 217 patients. East Afr Med J. 1979, 56: 597-607.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  10. Sackett DL: Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis. 1979, 32: 51-63. 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  11. Brayne C: Clinicopathological studies of the dementias from an epidemiological viewpoint. Br J Psychiatry. 1993, 162: 439-446.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  12. Kokmen E, Ozsarfati Y, Beard CM, O'Brien PC, Rocca WA: Impact of referral bias on clinical and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996, 49: 79-83. 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00031-3.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  13. Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D, Sumi SM, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, Vogel FS, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Berg L: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1991, 41: 479-486.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  14. Braak H, Braak E: Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neurobiol Aging. 1995, 16: 271-278. 10.1016/0197-4580(95)00021-6. discussion 278–284.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  15. Fujishima M, Kiyohara Y: Incidence and risk factors of dementia in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002, 977: 1-8.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  16. Ueda K, Kawano H, Hasuo Y, Fujishima M: Prevalence and etiology of dementia in a Japanese community. Stroke. 1992, 23: 798-803.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  17. Ueda K, Hasuo Y, Ohmura T, Kiyohara Y, Kawano H, Kato I, Shinkawa A, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Omae T, et al: Causes of death in the elderly and their changing pattern in Hisayama, a Japanese community. Results from a long-term and autopsy-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990, 38: 1332-1338.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  18. Wakisaka Y, Furuta A, Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Iida M, Iwaki T: Age-associated prevalence and risk factors of Lewy body pathology in a general population: the Hisayama study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2003, 106: 374-382. 10.1007/s00401-003-0750-x.
    Google Scholar
  19. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Nomiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K, et al: Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995, 45: 1161-1168.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  20. Xuereb JH, Brayne C, Dufouil C, Gertz H, Wischik C, Harrington C, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, McGee MA, O'Sullivan A, O'Connor D, Paykel ES, Huppert FA: Neuropathological findings in the very old. Results from the first 101 brains of a population-based longitudinal study of dementing disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000, 903: 490-496. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06404.x.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  21. Brayne C, Gill C, Huppert FA, Barkley C, Gehlhaar E, Girling DM, O'Connor DW, Paykel ES: Incidence of clinically diagnosed subtypes of dementia in an elderly population. Cambridge Project for Later Life. Br J Psychiatry. 1995, 167: 255-262.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  22. Paykel ES, Huppert FA, Brayne C: Incidence of dementia and cognitive decline in over-75s in Cambridge: overview of cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998, 33: 387-392. 10.1007/s001270050070.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  23. Paykel ES, Brayne C, Huppert FA, Gill C, Barkley C, Gehlhaar E, Beardsall L, Girling DM, Pollitt P, O'Connor D: Incidence of dementia in a population older than 75 years in the United Kingdom. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994, 51: 325-332.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  24. Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Garcia-Siera F, Hurt J, Gertz HJ, Xuereb JH, Hills R, Brayne C, Huppert FA, Paykel ES, McGee M, Jakes R, Honer WG, Harrington CR, Wischik CM: Staging of cytoskeletal and beta-amyloid changes in human isocortex reveals biphasic synaptic protein response during progression of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 2000, 157: 623-636.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  25. Gertz HJ, Xuereb J, Huppert F, Brayne C, McGee MA, Paykel E, Harrington C, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Arendt T, Wischik CM: Examination of the validity of the hierarchical model of neuropathological staging in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1998, 95: 154-158. 10.1007/s004010050780.
    CAS Google Scholar
  26. Gertz HJ, Xuereb JH, Huppert FA, Brayne C, Kruger H, McGee MA, Paykel ES, Harrington CR, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, O'Connor DW, Wischik CM: The relationship between clinical dementia and neuropathological staging (Braak) in a very elderly community sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996, 246: 132-136. 10.1007/BF02189114.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  27. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Myllykangas L, Notkola IL, Niinisto L, Verkkoniemi A, Kainulainen K, Kontula K, Perez-Tur J, Hardy J, Haltia M: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in very elderly people: a prospective neuropathological study. Neurology. 2001, 56: 1690-1696.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  28. Myllykangas L, Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Verkkoniemi A, Crook R, Tienari PJ, Pusa AK, Niinisto L, O'Brien P, Kontula K, Hardy J, Haltia M, Perez-Tur J: Genetic association of alpha2-macroglobulin with Alzheimer's disease in a Finnish elderly population. Ann Neurol. 1999, 46: 382-390. 10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3<382::AID-ANA14>3.0.CO;2-5.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  29. Myllykangas L, Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Notkola IL, Rastas S, Verkkoniemi A, Tienari PJ, Niinisto L, Hardy J, Perez-Tur J, Kontula K, Haltia M: Association of lipoprotein lipase Ser447Ter polymorphism with brain infarction: a population-based neuropathological study. Ann Med. 2001, 33: 486-492.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  30. Myllykangas L, Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Verkkoniemi A, Tienari P, Niinisto L, Kontula K, Hardy J, Haltia M, Perez-Tur J: Cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: a genetic association study in a population aged 85 or over. Neurosci Lett. 2000, 292: 195-198. 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01467-1.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  31. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, Kainulainen K, Vuorio A, Verkkoniemi A, Niinisto L, Halonen P, Kontula K: Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein. N Engl J Med. 1995, 333: 1242-1247. 10.1056/NEJM199511093331902.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  32. Rastas S, Mattila K, Verkkoniemi A, Niinisto L, Juva K, Sulkava R, Lansimies E: Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes, blood pressure, blood lipids and ECG abnormalities in a general population aged 85+. BMC Geriatr. 2004, 4: 1-10.1186/1471-2318-4-1.
    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  33. Myllykangas L, Polvikoski T, Reunanen K, Wavrant-De Vrieze F, Ellis C, Hernandez D, Sulkava R, Kontula K, Verkkoniemi A, Notkola IL, Hardy J, Perez-Tur J, Haltia MJ, Tienari PJ: ApoE epsilon3-haplotype modulates Alzheimer beta-amyloid deposition in the brain. Am J Med Genet. 2002, 114: 288-291. 10.1002/ajmg.10202.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  34. CFAS: Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet. 2001, 357: 169-175. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03589-3.
    Google Scholar
  35. Yip AG, Brayne C, Easton D, Rubinsztein DC: Apolipoprotein E4 is only a weak predictor of dementia and cognitive decline in the general population. J Med Genet. 2002, 39: 639-643. 10.1136/jmg.39.9.639.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  36. Brayne C, Spiegelhalter DJ, Dufouil C, Chi LY, Dening TR, Paykel ES, O'Connor DW, Ahmed A, McGee MA, Huppert FA: Estimating the true extent of cognitive decline in the old old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999, 47: 1283-1288.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  37. Neale R, Brayne C, Johnson AL: Cognition and survival: an exploration in a large multicentre study of the population aged 65 years and over. Int J Epidemiol. 2001, 30: 1383-1388. 10.1093/ije/30.6.1383.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  38. Taylor A, Ezquerra M, Bagri G, Yip A, Goumidi L, Cottel D, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns NJ, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC: Alzheimer disease is not associated with polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen and renin genes. Am J Med Genet. 2001, 105: 761-764. 10.1002/ajmg.10044.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  39. Fernando MS, O'Brien JT, Perry RH, English P, Forster G, McMeekin W, Slade JY, Golkhar A, Matthews FE, Barber R, Kalaria RN, Ince PG: Comparison of the pathology of cerebral white matter with post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the elderly brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2004, 30: 385-395. 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00550.x.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  40. Tysoe C, Galinsky D, Robinson D, Brayne CE, Easton DF, Huppert FA, Dening T, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC: Analysis of alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, presenilin-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase loci as candidates for dementia. Am J Med Genet. 1997, 74: 207-212. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<207::AID-AJMG20>3.0.CO;2-L.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  41. Narain Y, Yip A, Murphy T, Brayne C, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns N, Esiri MM, Furlong RA, Rubinsztein DC: The ACE gene and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. J Med Genet. 2000, 37: 695-697. 10.1136/jmg.37.9.695.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  42. Taylor AE, Yip A, Brayne C, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns N, Esiri MM, Rubinsztein DC: Genetic association of an LBP-1c/CP2/LSF gene polymorphism with late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Med Genet. 2001, 38: 232-233. 10.1136/jmg.38.4.232.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  43. Brayne C, Matthews FE, McGee MA, Jagger C: Health and ill-health in the older population in England and Wales. The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Age Ageing. 2001, 30: 53-62. 10.1093/ageing/30.1.53.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  44. Cognitive function and dementia in six areas of England and Wales: the distribution of MMSE and prevalence of GMS organicity level in the MRC CFA Study. The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Psychol Med. 1998, 28: 319-335. 10.1017/S0033291797006272.
  45. White L, Petrovitch H, Hardman J, Nelson J, Davis DG, Ross GW, Masaki K, Launer L, Markesbery WR: Cerebrovascular pathology and dementia in autopsied Honolulu-Asia Aging Study participants. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002, 977: 9-23.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  46. Petrovitch H, White LR, Ross GW, Steinhorn SC, Li CY, Masaki KH, Davis DG, Nelson J, Hardman J, Curb JD, Blanchette PL, Launer LJ, Yano K, Markesbery WR: Accuracy of clinical criteria for AD in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, a population-based study. Neurology. 2001, 57: 226-234.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  47. Petrovitch H, Nelson J, Snowdon D, Davis DG, Ross GW, Li CY, White L: Microscope field size and the neuropathologic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1997, 49: 1175-1176.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  48. Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD: Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001, 358: 351-355. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05553-2.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  49. Foley D, Monjan A, Masaki K, Ross W, Havlik R, White L, Launer L: Daytime sleepiness is associated with 3-year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older Japanese-American men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001, 49: 1628-1632.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  50. Takeshita J, Masaki K, Ahmed I, Foley DJ, Li YQ, Chen R, Fujii D, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, White L: Are depressive symptoms a risk factor for mortality in elderly Japanese American men?: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002, 159: 1127-1132. 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1127.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  51. Launer LJ, White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Curb JD: Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population-based autopsy study. Neurology. 2001, 57: 1447-1452.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  52. Havlik RJ, Foley DJ, Sayer B, Masaki K, White L, Launer LJ: Variability in midlife systolic blood pressure is related to late-life brain white matter lesions: the Honolulu-Asia Aging study. Stroke. 2002, 33: 26-30. 10.1161/hs0102.101890.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  53. Peila R, Rodriguez BL, Launer LJ: Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 1256-1262.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  54. Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Masaki K, Foley D, White LR, Havlik RJ: Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2000, 21: 49-55. 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00096-8.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  55. Petrovitch H, White LR, Izmirilian G, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Markesbery W, Nelson J, Davis DG, Hardman J, Foley DJ, Launer LJ: Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death: the HAAS. Honolulu-Asia aging Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2000, 21: 57-62.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  56. Kalmijn S, Foley D, White L, Burchfiel CM, Curb JD, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Launer LJ: Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000, 20: 2255-2260.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  57. Martin GM, Kukull WA: Do cultural differences affect Alzheimer disease?. Jama. 1996, 276: 993-995. 10.1001/jama.276.12.993.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  58. Kagan A, Harris BR, Winkelstein W, Johnson KG, Kato H, Syme SL, Rhoads GG, Gay ML, Nichaman MZ, Hamilton HB, Tillotson J: Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics. J Chronic Dis. 1974, 27: 345-364. 10.1016/0021-9681(74)90014-9.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  59. Tyas SL, White LR, Petrovitch H, Webster Ross G, Foley DJ, Heimovitz HK, Launer LJ: Mid-life smoking and late-life dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2003, 24: 589-596. 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00156-2.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  60. Laurin D, Masaki KH, Foley DJ, White LR, Launer LJ: Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004, 159: 959-967. 10.1093/aje/kwh124.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  61. Pfeifer LA, White LR, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Launer LJ: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive function: the HAAS autopsy study. Neurology. 2002, 58: 1629-1634.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  62. White L, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki KH, Abbott R, Teng EL, Rodriguez B, Blanchette PL, Havlik R, Wergowske G, Chiu D, Foley D, Murdaugh C, Curb JD: Prevalence of Dementia in Older Japanese-American Men in Hawaii – The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Jama. 1996, 276: 955-960. 10.1001/jama.276.12.955.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  63. Havlik RJ, Izmirlian G, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Curb JD, Saunders AM, Foley DJ, Brock D, Launer LJ, White L: APOE-epsilon4 predicts incident AD in Japanese-American men: the honolulu-asia aging study. Neurology. 2000, 54: 1526-1529.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  64. Miech RA, Breitner JC, Zandi PP, Khachaturian AS, Anthony JC, Mayer L: Incidence of AD may decline in the early 90s for men, later for women: The Cache County study. Neurology. 2002, 58: 209-218.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  65. Khachaturian AS, Gallo JJ, Breitner JC: Performance characteristics of a two-stage dementia screen in a population sample. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000, 53: 531-540. 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00196-1.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  66. Tschanz JT, Corcoran C, Skoog I, Khachaturian AS, Herrick J, Hayden KM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Calvert T, Norton MC, Zandi P, Breitner JC: Dementia: the leading predictor of death in a defined elderly population: the Cache County Study. Neurology. 2004, 62: 1156-1162.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  67. Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC: Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch Neurol. 2004, 61: 82-88. 10.1001/archneur.61.1.82.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  68. Bigler ED, Lowry CM, Kerr B, Tate DF, Hessel CD, Earl HD, Miller MJ, Rice SA, Smith KH, Tschanz JT, Welsh-Bohmer K, Plassman B, Victoroff J: Role of white matter lesions, cerebral atrophy, and APOE on cognition in older persons with and without dementia: the Cache County, Utah, study of memory and aging. Neuropsychology. 2003, 17: 339-352. 10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.339.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  69. Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Hayden KM, Mehta K, Mayer L, Breitner JC: Reduced incidence of AD with NSAID but not H2 receptor antagonists: the Cache County Study. Neurology. 2002, 59: 880-886.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  70. Tschanz JT, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Skoog I, West N, Norton MC, Wyse BW, Nickles R, Breitner JC: Dementia diagnoses from clinical and neuropsychological data compared: the Cache County study. Neurology. 2000, 54: 1290-1296.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  71. Norton MC, Tschanz JA, Fan X, Plassman BL, Welsh-Bohmer KA, West N, Wyse BW, Breitner JC: Telephone adaptation of the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS). The Cache County Study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999, 12: 270-276.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  72. Lyketsos CG, Steinberg M, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Steffens DC, Breitner JC: Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. Am J Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 708-714. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.708.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  73. Anthony JC, Breitner JC, Zandi PP, Meyer MR, Jurasova I, Norton MC, Stone SV: Reduced prevalence of AD in users of NSAIDs and H2 receptor antagonists: the Cache County study. Neurology. 2000, 54: 2066-2071.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  74. Norton MC, Breitner JC, Welsh KA, Wyse BW: Characteristics of nonresponders in a community survey of the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994, 42: 1252-1256.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  75. Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Mayer LS, Steffens DC, Breitner JC: Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. Jama. 2002, 288: 2123-2129. 10.1001/jama.288.17.2123.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  76. Carlson MC, Zandi PP, Plassman BL, Tschanz JT, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Steffens DC, Bastian LA, Mehta KM, Breitner JC: Hormone replacement therapy and reduced cognitive decline in older women: the Cache County Study. Neurology. 2001, 57: 2210-2216.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  77. Steffens DC, Norton MC, Plassman BL, Tschanz JT, Wyse BW, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Anthony JC, Breitner JC: Enhanced cognitive performance with estrogen use in nondemented community-dwelling older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999, 47: 1171-1175.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  78. Breitner JC, Wyse BW, Anthony JC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Steffens DC, Norton MC, Tschanz JT, Plassman BL, Meyer MR, Skoog I, Khachaturian A: APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study. Neurology. 1999, 53: 321-331.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  79. Khachaturian AS, Corcoran CD, Mayer LS, Zandi PP, Breitner JC: Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 count affects age at onset of Alzheimer disease, but not lifetime susceptibility: The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004, 61: 518-524. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.518.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  80. Letenneur L, Dequae L, Jacqmin H, Nuissier J, Decamps A, Barberger-Gateau P, Commenges D, Dartigues JF: [Prevalence of dementia in Gironde (France)]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1993, 41: 139-145.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  81. Helmer C, Letenneur L, Rouch I, Richard-Harston S, Barberger-Gateau P, Fabrigoule C, Orgogozo JM, Dartigues JF: Occupation during life and risk of dementia in French elderly community residents. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001, 71: 303-309. 10.1136/jnnp.71.3.303.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  82. Dartigues JF, Orgogozo JM, Letenneur L, Barberger-Gateau P: [French epidemiological bases for the treatment of dementia syndromes and cognitive impairment in the elderly]. Therapie. 1993, 48: 185-187.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  83. Dartigues JF, Gagnon M, Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Commenges D, Sauvel C, Michel P, Salamon R: The Paquid epidemiological program on brain ageing. Neuroepidemiology. 1992, 11 (Suppl 1): 14-18.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  84. Breteler MM, van den Ouweland FA, Grobbee DE, Hofman A: A community-based study of dementia: the Rotterdam Elderly Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1992, 11 (Suppl 1): 23-28.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  85. de Rijk MC, Breteler MM, Graveland GA, Ott A, Grobbee DE, van der Meche FG, Hofman A: Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1995, 45: 2143-2146.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  86. de Rijk MC, Rocca WA, Anderson DW, Melcon MO, Breteler MM, Maraganore DM: A population perspective on diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1997, 48: 1277-1281.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  87. Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Maggi S, Grigoletto F, Scarlato G, Amaducci L, Inzitari D: Dementia is a major predictor of death among the Italian elderly. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology. 1999, 52: 709-713.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  88. Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Rocca WA, Vanni P, Maggi S, Perissinotto E, Grigoletto F, Amaducci L, Inzitari D: Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology. 2000, 55: 1358-1363.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  89. Di Carlo A, Baldereschi M, Amaducci L, Lepore V, Bracco L, Maggi S, Bonaiuto S, Perissinotto E, Scarlato G, Farchi G, Inzitari D: Incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002, 50: 41-48. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50006.x.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  90. Tsuang D, Kukull W, Sheppard L, Barnhart RL, Peskind E, Edland SD, Schellenberg G, Raskind M, Larson EB: Impact of sample selection on APOE epsilon 4 allele frequency: a comparison of two Alzheimer's disease samples. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996, 44: 704-707.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  91. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS: The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1987, 76: 465-479.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  92. Ribbe MW, Ljunggren G, Steel K, Topinkova E, Hawes C, Ikegami N, Henrard JC, Jonnson PV: Nursing homes in 10 nations: a comparison between countries and settings. Age Ageing. 1997, 26 (Suppl 2): 3-12.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  93. Riedel-Heller SG, Schork A, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC: Recruitment procedures and their impact on the prevalence of dementia. Results from the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). Neuroepidemiology. 2000, 19: 130-140. 10.1159/000026248.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  94. Matthews FE, Dening T: Prevalence of dementia in institutional care. Lancet. 2002, 360: 225-226. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09461-8.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  95. Juva K, Verkkoniemi A, Viramo P, Polvikoski T, Kainulainen K, Kontula K, Sulkava R: APOE epsilon4 does not predict mortality, cognitive decline, or dementia in the oldest old. Neurology. 2000, 54: 412-415.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  96. Matthews F, Chatfield M, Freeman C, McCracken C, Brayne C: Attrition and bias in the MRC cognitive function and ageing study: an epidemiological investigation. BMC Public Health. 2004, 4: 12-10.1186/1471-2458-4-12.
    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  97. Matthews FE, Chatfield M, Freeman C, McCracken C, Brayne C: Attrition and bias in the MRC cognitive function and ageing study: an epidemiological investigation. BMC Public Health. 2004, 4: 12-10.1186/1471-2458-4-12.
    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  98. Martyn CN, Pippard EC: Usefulness of mortality data in determining the geography and time trends of dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1988, 42: 134-137.
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  99. Olichney JM, Hofstetter CR, Galasko D, Thal LJ, Katzman R: Death certificate reporting of dementia and mortality in an Alzheimer's disease research center cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995, 43: 890-893.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  100. Raiford K, Anton-Johnson S, Haycox Z, Nolan K, Schaffer A, Caimano C, Fillenbaum G, Heyman A: CERAD part VII: accuracy of reporting dementia on death certificates of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1994, 44: 2208-2209.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  101. Botwinick J, Storandt M, Berg L, Boland S: Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Subject attrition and testability in research. Arch Neurol. 1988, 45: 493-496.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  102. Haque AK, Patterson RC, Grafe MR: High autopsy rates at a university medical center. What has gone right?. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996, 120: 727-732.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  103. Kaye JA, Dame A, Lehman S, Sexton G: Factors associated with brain donation among optimally healthy elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999, 54: M560-564.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  104. Harrell LE, Callaway R, Powers R: Autopsy in dementing illness: who participates?. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1993, 7: 80-87.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  105. Schmitt FA, Wetherby MM, Wekstein DR, Dearth CM, Markesbery WR: Brain donation in normal aging: procedures, motivations, and donor characteristics from the Biologically Resilient Adults in Neurological Studies (BRAiNS) Project. Gerontologist. 2001, 41: 716-722.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  106. Alperovitch A, Hauw JJ: Neuropathological diagnoses in epidemiologic studies. Neuroepidemiology. 1992, 11 (Suppl 1): 100-105.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  107. Larson EB, Kukull WA, Teri L, McCormick W, Pfanschmidt M, van Belle G, Sumi M: University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry (ADPR): 1987–1988. Aging (Milano). 1990, 2: 404-408.
    CAS Google Scholar
  108. OECD: Dementia Care in 9 OECD countries: a comparative analysis. 2004, [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/52/33661491.pdf]
    Google Scholar
  109. Copeland JR, Dewey ME: Neuropsychological diagnosis (GMS-HAS-AGECAT package). International Psychogeriatrics. 1991, 3: 43-39.
    Google Scholar
  110. Newell KL, Hyman BT, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET: Application of the National Institute on Aging (NIA)-Reagan Institute criteria for the neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999, 58: 1147-1155.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  111. Consensus: Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute on Aging, and Reagan Institute Working Group on Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathological Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1997, 18: S1-2. 10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00057-2.
    Google Scholar
  112. Morris JC: Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997, 9 (Suppl 1): 173-176. 10.1017/S1041610297004870. discussion 177–178.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  113. Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR: Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999, 58: 376-388.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  114. Mirra SS: The CERAD neuropathology protocol and consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a commentary. Neurobiol Aging. 1997, 18: S91-94. 10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00058-4.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  115. Last JM: A dictionary of epidemiology. 2001, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4
    Google Scholar
  116. Teng EL, Chui HC: The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987, 48: 314-318.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  117. Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, Jagust W, Shankle R, Katzman R: Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology. 1992, 42: 473-480.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  118. Townsend P: The Last Refuge. 1962, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
    Google Scholar
  119. Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Griffiths-Jones HM: A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychol Med. 1986, 16: 89-99.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  120. Blessed G, Black SE, Butler T, Kay DW: The diagnosis of dementia in the elderly. A comparison of CAMCOG (the cognitive section of CAMDEX), the AGECAT program, DSM-III, the Mini-Mental State Examination and some short rating scales. Br J Psychiatry. 1991, 159: 193-198.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  121. Roth M, Tym E, Mountjoy CQ, Huppert FA, Hendrie H, Verma S, Goddard R: CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1986, 149: 698-709.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  122. Teng EL, Hasegawa K, Homma A, Imai Y, Larson E, Graves A, Sugimoto K, Yamaguchi T, Sasaki H, Chiu D, et al: The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 1994, 6: 45-58. 10.1017/S1041610294001602. discussion 62.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  123. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL: A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982, 140: 566-572.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  124. Clark CM, Ewbank DC: Performance of the dementia severity rating scale: a caregiver questionnaire for rating severity in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1996, 10: 31-39.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  125. Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Wood N, Searle R, Davidson IA, McWilliam C: Range of mental illness among the elderly in the community. Prevalence in Liverpool using the GMS-AGECAT package. Br J Psychiatry. 1987, 150: 815-823.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  126. Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969, 9: 179-186.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  127. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA: The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989, 19: 1015-1022.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  128. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo JM, Brun A, Hofman A, et al: Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993, 43: 250-260.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  129. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975, 12: 189-198. 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  130. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Zilhka E, Du Boulay GH, McAllister VL, Marshall J, Russell RW, Symon L: Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975, 32: 632-637.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  131. Rosen WG, Terry RD, Fuld PA, Katzman R, Peck A: Pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Ann Neurol. 1980, 7: 486-488. 10.1002/ana.410070516.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  132. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984, 34: 939-944.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  133. Pfeiffer E: A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975, 23: 433-441.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  134. Seno H, Ishino H, Inagaki T, Iijima M, Kaku K, Inata T, Hirai M: A neuropathological study of dementia in nursing homes in Shimane prefecture, Japan: evaluation of the age and gender effect. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999, 54: M312-314.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  135. Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Mendes de Leon CF, Evans DA, Bennett DA: Negative affect and mortality in older persons. Am J Epidemiol. 2003, 158: 827-835. 10.1093/aje/kwg224.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  136. Snowdon DA, Kemper SJ, Mortimer JA, Greiner LH, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR: Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Findings from the Nun Study. Jama. 1996, 275: 528-532. 10.1001/jama.275.7.528.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  137. Aronson MK, Ooi WL, Geva DL, Masur D, Blau A, Frishman W: Dementia. Age-dependent incidence, prevalence, and mortality in the old old. Arch Intern Med. 1991, 151: 989-992. 10.1001/archinte.151.5.989.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  138. Green MS, Kaye JA, Ball MJ: The Oregon brain aging study: neuropathology accompanying healthy aging in the oldest old. Neurology. 2000, 54: 105-113. 10.1159/000053242.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  139. Troncoso JC, Martin LJ, Dal Forno G, Kawas CH: Neuropathology in controls and demented subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurobiol Aging. 1996, 17: 365-371. 10.1016/0197-4580(96)00028-0.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  140. Fischer P, Lassmann H, Jellinger K, Simanyi M, Bancher C, Travniczek-Marterer A, Gatterer G, Danielczyk W: [Alzheimer dementia. A clinical long-term study with quantitative neuropathology]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1991, 141: 455-462.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  141. Fernando MS, Ince PG: Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people. J Neurol Sci. 2004, 226: 13-17. 10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.004.
    PubMed Google Scholar
  142. Brayne C, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Huppert FA, Chi LY, Xuereb JH, O'Connor DW, Paykel ES: Apolipoprotein E genotype in the prediction of cognitive decline and dementia in a prospectively studied elderly population. Dementia. 1996, 7: 169-174.
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  143. Cambridge City over 75 Cohort Study (CC75C). [http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cc75c/]

Pre-publication history

Download references