- Eddleston M. and Mucke L. (1993) Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes—implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neurosci. 54, 15–36.
CAS Google Scholar
- Kreutzberg G. W. (1996) Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. TINS 19, 312–318.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kyrkanides S., O’Banion M. K., Whiteley P. E., Daeschner J. C., and Olschowka J. A. (2001) Enhanced glial activation and expression of specific CNS inflammation-related molecules in aged versus young rats following cortical stab injury. J. Neuroimmunol. 119, 269–277.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Piehl F. and Lidman O. (2001) Neuroinflammation in the rat CNS cells and their role in the regulation of immune reactions. Immunol. Rev. 184, 212–225.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Dong Y., Benveniste E. N. (2001) Immune function of astrocytes. Glia 36, 180–190.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Acarin L., Gonzalez B., and Castellano B. (2001) Glial activation in the immature rat brain: implication of inflammatory transcription factors and cytokine expression. Prog. Brain. Res. 132, 375–89.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Banati R. B., Gehramann J., Schubert P., and Kreutzberg G. W. (1993) Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia 7, 111–118.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hewett S. J., Csernansky C. A., and Choi D. W. (1994) Selective potentiation of NMDA-induced neuronal injury following induction of astrocytic iNOS. Neuron 13, 487–494.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bolanos J. P., Almeida A., Stewart V., Peuchen S., Land J. M., Clark J. B., and Heales S.J.R. (1997) Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neurochem. 68, 2227–2240.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C. (1996) Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a NO mechanism. Glia 16, 276–284.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hu J., Ferreira A., and Van Eldik L. J. (1997) S100 beta induces neuronal cell death through nitric oxide release from astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 69, 2294–2301.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kingham P. J., Cuzner M. L., and Pocock J. M. (1999) Apoptotic pathways mobilized in microglia and neurons as a consequence of chromogranin A-induced microglial activation. J. Neurochem. 73, 538–547.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Tanabe K., Akanishi H., Maeda H., Nishioku T., Hashimoto K., Liou S. Y., Akamines A., and Yamamoto K. (1999) A predominant apoptotic death pathway of neuronal PC12 cells induced by activated microglia is displaced by a nonapoptotic death pathway following blocakage of caspase-3-dependent cascade. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15,725–15,731.
CAS Google Scholar
- Loihl A. K. and Murphy S. (1998) Expression of NOS-2 in glia associated with CNS pathology. Prog. Brain Res. 118, 253–267.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bolanos J. P. and Almeida A. (1999) Role of nitric oxide in brain hypoxia-ischaemia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1411, 415–436.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Liberatore G. T., Jackson-Lewis V., Vukosavic S., et al. (1999) Inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease. Nature Medicine 5, 1403–1409.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Itagaki S., McGeer P. L., Akiyama H., Zhu S., and Selkoe D. (1989) Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer Disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 24, 173–182.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Miyazono M., Iwaki T., Kitamoto T., Kaneko Y., Doh-ura K., and Tateishi J. (1991) A comparative immunohistochemical study of Kuru and senile plaques with aspecial reference to glial reactions at various stages of amyloid plaque formation. Am. J. Pathol. 139, 589–598.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McGeer P. L. and Rogers J. (1992) Antiinflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 42, 447–449.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wa J., Food M. R, Gabathuler R., Rothenberger S., Yamada T., Yasuhara O., and McGeer P. L. (1996) Reactive microglia specifically associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue express melanotransferrin. Brain Res. 712, 122–126.
Google Scholar
- Wallace M. N., Geddes J. G., Farquhar D. A., and Masson M. R. (1997) Nitic oxide synthase in reactive astrocytes adjacent to beta-amyloid plaques. Exp. Neurol. 144, 266–272.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lee S. C., Zhao M. L., Hirano A., and Dickson D. W. (1999) Inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the Alzheimer disease hippocampus: association with Hirano bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58, 1163–1169.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Meda L., Cassatella M. A., Szendrei G. I., et al. (1995) Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma. Nature 374, 647–650.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Goodwin J., Uemura E., and Cunnick J. E. (1995) Microglial release of nitric oxide by the synergistic action of beta-amyloid, and IFN-gamma. Brain Res. 692, 207–214.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ishii K., Muelhauser F., Liebl U., et al. (2000) Subacute NO generation induced by Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid in the living brain: reversal by inhibition of the inducible NO synthase. FASEB J. 14, 1485–1489.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McGeer E. G. and McGeer P. L. (1995) Brain inflammation in Alzheimer disease and the therapeutic implications. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 821–836.
Google Scholar
- McGeer P. L., Schulzer M., and McGeer E. G. (1996) Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology 47, 425–432.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lim G. P, Yang F., Chu T., et al. (2000) Ibuprofen suppresses plaque pathology and inflammation in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 20, 5709–5714.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ruffolo R. R., Feuerstein G. Z., Hunter A. J., Poste G., and Metcalf B. W., Eds. (1999) Inflammatory cells and mediators in CNS diseases. Eds., Harwood Academic Publishers.
- Hart M. N. and Fabry Z. (1995) CNS antigen presentation. Trends Neurosci. 11, 475–481.
Google Scholar
- Hickey W. F., Hsu B. L., and Kimura H. (1991) T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 28, 254–260.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Allan S. M. and Rothwell N. J. (2001) Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 734–744.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Beckman J. S., Chen J., Crow J. P., and Ye Y. Z. (1994) Reactions of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite with superoxide dismutase in neurodegeration. Progress in Brain. Res. 103, 371–380.
CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C., Hu S., and Peterson P. K. (1995) Modulation of human microglial cell superoxide production by cytokines. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58, 65–70.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C., Hu S., Sheng W. S., Kravitz F. H., and Peterson P. P. (1999) Inflammation-mediated neuronal cell injury. In: Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in CNS diseases (Ruffolo R. R., Feuerstein G. Z., Hunter A. J., Poste G., and Metcalf B. W., eds.) Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 483–495.
- Piani D., Frei K., Do K. Q., Cuenod M., and Fontana A. (1991) Murine brain macrophages induced NMDA receptor mediated neurotoxicity in vitro by secreting glutamate. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 159–162.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Piani D., Spranger M., Frei K., Schaffner A., and Fontana A. (1992) Macrophage-induced cytotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor positive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 2429–2436.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Barger S. W. and Basile A. S. (2001) Activation of microglia by secreted amyloid precursor protein evokes release of glutamate by cystine exchange and attenuates synaptic function. J. Neurochem. 76, 846–854.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C., Hu S., Ehrlich L., and Peterson P. K. (1995) Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically mediate neurotoxicity: involvement of nitric oxide and of _N_-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Brain. Behav. Immun. 9, 355–365.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Viviani B., Corsini E., Galli C. L., and Marinovich M. (1998) Glia increase degeneration of hippocampal neurons through release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150, 271–276.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Heales S.J.R., Bolanos J. P., Stewart V. C., Brookes P. S., Land J. M., and Clark J. B. (1999) Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1410, 215–228.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C., Bolanos J. P., Heals S. J., and Clark J. B. (1995) Nitric-oxide produced by activated astrocytes rapidly and reversibly inhibits cellular respiration. Neurosci. Lett. 193, 201–204.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Murphy S. (2000) Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: regulation and potential roles in the CNS. Glia 29, 1–14.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McNaught K.S.P. and Brown G. C. (1998) Nitric oxide causes glutamate release from brain synaptosomes following inhibition of mitochondrial function. J. Neurochem. 70, 1541–1546.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bal-Price A. and Brown G. C. (2001) Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide from activated glia-inhibiting neuronal repiration, causing glutamate release and excitotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 21, 6480–6491.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Trabace L. and Kendrick K. M. (2000) Nitric oxide can differentially modulate striatal neurotransmitter concentrations via soluble guanylate cyclase and peroxynitrite formation. J. Neurochem. 75, 1664–1674.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bal-Price A., Moneer Z., and Brown G. C. (2002) Nitric oxide induces rapid, calcium-dependent release of vesicular glutamate and ATP from cultured rat astrocytes. Glia 40, 312–323.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Bal-Price A., Matthias A., and Brown G. C. (2002) Stimulation of the NADPH oxidase in activated rat microglia removes nitric oxide but induces peroxynitrite production. J. Neurochem. 80, 73–80.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Torreilles F., Salman-Tabcheh S., Guerin M., and Torreilles H. (1999) Neurodegenerative disorders: the role of peroxynitrite. Brain. Res. Rev. 30, 153–163.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Dawson V. L., and Dawson T. M. (1996) Nitric oxide neurotoxicity. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 10, 179–190.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Radi R., Cassina A., and Hodara R. (2002) Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite interactions with mitochondria. Biol. Chem. 383, 401–409.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Gunasekar P. G., Kanthasamy A. G, Borowitz J. L., and Isom G. E. (1995) NMDA receptor activation produces concurrent generation of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species: implication for cell death. J. Neurochem. 65, 2016–2021.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Stewart V. C., Heslegrave A. J., Brown G. C., Clark J. B., and Heales S. J. (2002) Nitric oxide-dependent damage to neuronal mitochondria involves the NMDA receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 458–464.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Prast K. and Philippu A. (2000) Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function. Progress in Neurobiol. 64, 51–68.
Google Scholar
- Serou M. J., DeCoster M. A., and Bazan N. G. (1999) Interleukin-1 beta activates expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in primary hippocampal neuronal culture: platelet-activating factor as a preferential mediator of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J. Neurosci. Res. 58, 593–598.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Possel H., Noack H., Putzke J., Wolf G., and Sies H. (2000) Selective upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines in microglia: in vitro and in vivo studies. Glia 32, 51–59.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Simmons M. L. and Murphy S. (1992) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. J. Neurochem. 59, 897–905.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Tran M. H., Yamada K., Olariu A., Mizuno M., Ren X. H., and Nabeshima T. (2001) Amyloid β-peptide induces nitric oxide production in rat hippocampus: association with cholinergic dysfunction and amelioration by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. FASEB 15, 1407–1409.
CAS Google Scholar
- Taylor B. S. and Geller D. A. (2000) Molecular regulation of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Shock 13, 413–424.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lee S. C. and Brosnan C. F. (1996) Cytokine Regulation of iNOS Expression in Human. Glial Cells Methods 10, 31–37.
CAS Google Scholar
- Merrill J. E., Murphy S. P., Mitrovic B., et al. (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production by oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 48, 372–384.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wagner A. H., Schwabe O., and Hecker M. (2002) Atorvastatin inhibition of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in native endothelial cells in situ. Br. J. Pharmacol. 136, 143–149.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Skaper S. D., Facci L., and Leon A. (1995) Inflammatory mediator stimulation of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts induces neuronal degeneration via the nitridergic pathway. J. Neurochem. 64, 266–276.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fukuto J. M., Cho J. Y., and Switzer C. H. (2000) The chemical properties of nitric oxide and related nitrogen oxides. In: Nitric Oxide Biology and Pathology (Ignarro L., ed.) Academic Press, USA, pp. 23–40.
Google Scholar
- Nicholls D. G. and Budd S. L. (2000) Mitochondria and neuronal survival. Physiol. Rev. 80, 315–360.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Manfredi G. and Beal M. F. (2000) The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain. Pathol. 10, 462–472.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bolanos J. P., Peuchen S., Heales S. J., Land J. M., and Clark J. B. (1994) Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in cultured astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 63, 910–916.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bolanos J. P., Heales S. J., Land J. M., and Clark J. B. (1995) Effect of peroxy-nitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: differential susceptibility of neurones and astrocytes in primary culture. J. Neurochem. 64, 1965–1972.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C. and Borutaite V. (2002) Nitric oxide inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and its role in cell death. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 33, 1440–1450.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C. (2001) Regulation of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1504, 46–57.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Stewart V. C., Land J. M., Clark J. B., and Heales S. J. (1998) Pretreatment of astrocytes with interferon-alpha/beta prevents neuronal mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. J. Neurochem. 70, 432–434.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Stewart V. C., Sharpe M. A., Clark J. B., and Heales S. J. (2000) Astrocyte-derived nitric oxide causes both reversible and irreversible damage to the neuronal mitochondrial respiratory chain. J. Neurochem. 75, 694–700.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C. and Cooper C. E. (1994) Nanomolar concentrations of nitric oxide reversibly inhibit synaptosomal respiration by competing with oxygen at cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Lett. 345, 50–54.
Google Scholar
- Cleeter M. W. J., Cooper J. M., Darley-Usmar V. M., Moncada S., and Schapira A.H.V. (1994) Reversible inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respirator chain, by nitric oxide. Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. FEBS Lett. 345, 50–54.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Cooper C. E. (2002) Nitric oxide and cytochrome oxidase: substrate, inhibitor or effector? Trends Biochem Sci. 27, 33–39.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brorson J. R., Schumacker P. T., and Zhang H. (1999) Nitric oxide acutely inhibits neuronal energy production. J. Neurosci. 19, 147–158.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Almeida A., Almeida J., Bolanos J. P., and Moncada S. (2001) Different responses of astrocytes and neurons to nitric oxide. The role of glycolytically generated ATP in astrocyte protection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 15,294–15,249.
CAS Google Scholar
- Lee V. Y., McClintock D. S., Santore M. T., Budinger G.R.S., and Chandel N. S. (2002) Hypoxia sensitizes cells to nitric oxide-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 16,067–16,074.
CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C., Foxwell N., and Moncada S. (1998) Transcellular regulation of cell respiration by NO generated by activated macrophages. FEBS Lett. 439, 321–324.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Borutaite V., Matthias A., Harris H., Moncada S., and Brown G. C. (2001) Reversible inhibition of cellular respiration by nitric oxide in vascular inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. 24, 2256–2260.
Google Scholar
- Cassina A. and Radi R. (1996) Different inhibitory actions of NO and peroxy-nitrite on mitochondrial electron transport. Arch. Biophys. Biochem. 328, 309–316.
CAS Google Scholar
- Clementi E., Brown G. C., Feelisch M., and Moncada S. (1998) Persistent inhibition of cell respiration by nitric oxide: crucial role of S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial complex I and protective role of glutathione. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7631–7636.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ribo N. A., Clementi E., Melani M., Boveris A., Cadenas E., Moncada S., and Poderoso J. I. (2001) Nitric oxide inhibits mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone reductase activity through peroxynitrite formation. Biochem. J. 359, 139–145.
Google Scholar
- Borutaite V., Budriunaite A., and Brown G. C. (2000) Reversal of nitric oxide-, peroxynitrite- and S-nitrosothiol-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration or complex I activity by light and thiols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1459, 405–412.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Drapier J. C. and Hibbs J. B., Jr. (1988) Differentiation of murine macrophages to express non-specific cytotoxicity for tumour cells results in l-arginine-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial iron-sulphur in the macrophage effector cells. J. Immunol. 140, 2829–2838.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Stuehr D. J. and Nathan C. F. (1989) NO: a macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumour target cells. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1543–1555.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Yamamoto T., Maruyama W., Kato Y., Yi H., Shamoto-Nagai M., Tanaka M., Sato Y., and Naoi M. (2002) Selective nitration of mitochondrial complex I by peroxynitrite: involvement in mitochondria dysfunction and cell death of dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. J. Neural. Transm. 109, 1–13.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Henry Y., Lepoivre M., Drapier J. C., Ducrocq C., Boucher J. L., and Guissani A. (1993) EPR characterization of molecular targets for NO in mammalian cells and organelles. FASEB J. 7, 1124–1134.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Welter R., Yu L., and Yu C. A. (1996) The effects of nitric oxide on electron transport complexes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 331, 9–14.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Stachowiak O., Dolder M., Wallimann T., and Richter C. (1998) Mitochondrial creatine kinase is a prime target of peroxynitrite-induced modification and inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16,694–16,699.
CAS Google Scholar
- Gadelha F. R., Thomson L., Fagian M. M., Costa A.D.T., Radi R., and Vercesi A. E. (1997) Calcium-independent permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane by peroxynitrite is mediated by membrane protein thiol cross-linking and lipid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345, 243–250.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Liu Z. and Martin L. J. (2001) Motor neurons rapidly accumulate DNA single-strand breaks after in vitro exposure to nitric oxide and peroxynitrite and in vivo axotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 432, 35–60.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sharpe M. A. and Cooper C. E. (1998) Interaction of peroxynitrite with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase: catalytic production of nitric oxide and irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30,961–30,972.
CAS Google Scholar
- Cooper C. E. and Davies N. A. (2000) Effects of nitric oxide on the cytochrome oxidase Km for oxygen: implications for mitochondrial pathology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1459, 390–396.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Packer M. A. and Murphy M. P. (1994) Peroxynitrite causes calcium efflux from mitochondria which is prevented by cyclosporin A. FEBS Lett. 345, 237–240.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Borutaite V., Morkuniene R., and Brown G. C. (1999) Release of cytochrome c from heart mitochondria is induced by high calcium and peroxynitrite and is responsible for calciuminduced inhibition of substrate oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1453, 41–48.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Borutaite V., Morkuniene R., and Brown G. C. (2000) Nitric oxide donors, nitrosothiols and mitochondrial respiration inhibitors induce caspase activation by different mechanisms. FEBS Lett. 467, 155–159.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bernardi P., Petronilli V., Di Lisa F., and Forte M. (2001) A mitochondrial perspective on cell death. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 112–117.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Crompton M. (1999) The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death. Biochem. J. 341, 233–249.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brookes P. S., Salinas E. P., Darley-Usmar K., Eiserich J. P., Freeman B. A., Darley-Usmar V. D., and Anderson P. G. (2000) Concentration-dependent effects of nitric oxide on mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochrome c release. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20,474–20,479.
CAS Google Scholar
- Viveira H. L., Belzacq A. S., Haouzi D., et al. (2001) The adenine nucleotide translocator: a target of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and 4-hydroxynonenal. Oncogene 20, 4305–4316.
Google Scholar
- Piantadosi C. A., Tatro L. G., and Whorton A. R. (2002) NO and differential effects of ATP on mitochondrial permeability transition. Nitric Oxide 6, 45–60.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Daugas E., Nochy D., Ravagnan L., Loeffler M., Susin S. A., Zamzami N., and Kroemer G. (2000) Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a ubiquitous mitochondrial oxidoreductase involved in apoptosis. FEBS Lett. 476, 181–123.
Google Scholar
- Chai J., Du C., Wu J. W., Kyin S., Wang X., and Shi Y. (2000) Structural and biochemical basis of apoptotic activation by Smac/Diablo. Nature 406, 855–862.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Petronilli V., Penzo D., Scorrano L., Bernardi P., and Di Lisa F. (2001) The mitochondrial permeability transition, release of cytochrome c and cell death. Correlation with the duration of pore openings in situ. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12,030–12,034.
CAS Google Scholar
- Folbergrova J., Li P. A., Uchino H., Smith M. L., and Siesjo B. K. (1997) Changes in the bioenergetic state of rat hippocampus during 2.5 min of ischemia, and prevention of cell damage by cyclosporin A in hyperglycemic subjects. Exp. Brain. Res. 114, 44–50.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhu S., Stavrovskaya I. G., Drozda M., et al. (2002) Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice. Nature 417, 74–78.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sankarapandi S., Zweier J. L., Mukherjee G., Quinn M. T., and Huso D. L. (1998) Measurement and characterization of superoxide generation in microglial cells: evidence for an NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 353, 312–321.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McBride A. and Brown G. C. (1997) Activated human neutrophils rapidly break down nitric oxide. FEBS Lett. 417, 231–234.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Do K. Q., Grima G., Benz B., and Salt T. E. (2002) Glial-neuronal transfer of arginine and s-nitrosothiols in NO transmission. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 962, 81–92.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Yoneyama H., Yamamoto A., and Kosaka H. (2001) Neuronal nitric oxide synthase generates superoxide from the oxygenase domain. Biochem. J. 360, 247–253.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Xia Y. and Zweier J. L. (1997) Superoxide and peroxynitrite generation from inducible NO synthase in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6954–6958.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McBride A., Borutaite V., and Brown G. C. (1999) Superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide cause rapid nitric oxide breakdown, peroxynitrite production and subsequent cell death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1454, 275–288.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bauer G. (2000) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: efficient, selective, and interactive signals during intercellular induction of apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 20, 4115–4139.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brown G. C. (1995) Reversible binding and inhibition of catalase by nitric oxide. Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 188–191.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Boveris A. and Cadenas E. (2000) Mitochondrial production of hydrogen peroxide regulation by NO and the role of ubisemiquinone. IUBMB Life 50, 245–250.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wei T., Chen C., Hou J., Xin W., and Mori A. (2000) Nitric oxide induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1498, 72–79.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Eliasson M. J., Huang Z., Ferrante R. J., Sasamata M., Molliver M. E., Snyder S. H., and Moskowitz M. A. (1999) Neuronal NO synthase activation and peroxynitrite formation in bschemic stroke linked to neural damage. J. Neurosci. 19, 5910–5918.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lipton S. A., Choi Y. B., Pan Z. H., et al. (1993) A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of NO and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364, 626–632.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Skaper S. D., Facci L., and Leon A. (1995) Inflammatory mediator stimulation of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts induces neuronal degeneration via the nitridergic pathway. J. Neurochem. 64, 266–276.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Xie Z., Wei M., Morgan T. E., Fabrizio P., Han D., Finch C. E., and Longo V. D. (2002) Peroxynitrite mediates neurotoxicity of amyloid beta-peptidel-42- and lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. J. Neurosci. 22, 3484–3492.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang J., Dawson V., Dawson T., and Synder S. (1994) Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose)synthase and neurotoxicity. Science 263, 687–684.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Di Stasi A. M., Mallozzi C., Macchia G., Maura G., Petrucci T. C., and Minetti M. (2002) Peroxynitrite affects exocytosis and SNARE complex formation and induces tyrosine nitration of synaptic proteins. J. Neurochem. 82, 420–429.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Leist M., Fava E., Montecucco C., and Nicotera P. (1997) Peroxynitrite and nitric oxide donors induce neuronal apoptosis by eliciting autocrine excitotoxicity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1488–1498.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang X., Chen J., Graham S. H., et al. (2002) Intranuclear localization of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and large scale DNA fragmentation after traumatic brain injury in rats and in neuronal cultures exposed to peroxynitrite. J. Neurochem. 82, 181–191.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Cassina P., Peluffo H., Pehar M., et al. (2002) Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 67, 21–29.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Almedia A., Heales S. J., Bolanos J. P., and Medina J. M. (1998) Glutamate neurotoxicity is associated with nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and glutathione depletion. Brain Res. 790, 209–216.
Google Scholar
- Bolanos J. P., Heales S. J., Peuchen S., Barker J. E., Land J. M., and Clark J. B. (1996) Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage: a potential neuroprotective role for glutathione. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21, 995–1001.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Jenner P., Dexter D. T., Sian J., Shapira A.H.V., and Marsden C. D. (1992) Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkson’s disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Ann. Neurol. 32, 582–587.
Google Scholar
- Meldrum B. and Garthwaite J. (1990) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurode-generative disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 379–387.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Murphy T. H., Schnaar R. L., and Coyle J. T. (1990) Immature cortical neurons are uniquely sensitive to glutamate toxicity by inhibition of cystine uptake. FASEB J. 4, 1624–1633.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Schubert D. and Piasecki D. (2001) Oxidative glutamate toxicity can be a component of the excitotoxicity cascade. J. Neurosci. 21, 7455–7462.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sattler R. and Tymianski M. (2001) Molecular mechanisms of glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic neuronal cell death. Mol. Neurobiol. 24, 107–129.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Schinder A. F., Olson E. C., Spitzer N. C., and Montal M. (1996) Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in glutamate neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 16, 6125–6133.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Novelli A., Reilly J. A., Lysko P. G., and Henneberry R. C. (1988) Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when mintracellular energy levels are reduced. Brain Res. 451, 205–212.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Dawson V. L., Dawson T. M., London E. D., Bredt D. S., and Snyder S. H. (1991) Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 6368–6371.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Strijbos P.L.M., Leach M. J., and Garthwaite J. (1996) Vicious cycle involving Na+ channels, glutamate release, and NMDA receptors mediates delayed neurodegeneration through nitric oxide formation. J. Neuroscience. 16, 5004–5013.
CAS Google Scholar
- Keelan J., Vergun O., and Duchen M. R. (1999) Excitotoxic mitochondrial depolarisation requires both calcium and nitric oxide in rat hippocampal neurons. J. Physiol. 520, 797–813.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Almeida A. and Bolanos J. P. (2001) A transient inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by nitric oxide synthase activation triggered apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 77, 676–690.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ruiz F., Alvarez G., Ramos M., Hernandez M., Bogonez E., and Satrustegui J. (2000) Cyclosporin A targets involved in protection against glutamate excitotoxicity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 404, 29–39.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Dawson V. L., Kizushi V. M., Huang P. L., Snyder S. H., and Dawson T. M. (1996) Resitance to neurotoxicity in cortical cultures from neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 16, 2479–2487.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Brustovetsky N. and Dubinsky J. M. (2000) Limitations of cyclosporin A inhibition of the permeability transition in CNS mitochondria. J. Neurosci. 20, 8229–8237.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Grima G., Benz B., and Do K. Q. (2001) Glialderived arginine, the NO precursor, protects neurons from NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1762–1770.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Urushitani M., Nakamizo T., Inoue R., et al. (2001) _N_-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload in acute excitotoxic motor neuron death: a mechanism distinct from chronic neurotoxicity after Ca(2+) influx. J. Neurosci Res. 63, 377–387.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Meffert M. K., Premack B. A., and Schulman H. (1994) Nitric oxide stimulates Ca+2-independent synaptic vesicle release. Neuron 12, 1235–1244.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sequeira S., Ambrosio A., Malva J. O., Carvalho A. P., and Carvalho C. M. (1997) Modulation of glutamate release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes by nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 1, 315–329.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Meffert M. K., Calakos N. C., Scheller R. H., and Schulman H. (1996) Nitric oxide modulates synaptic vesicle docking fusion reactions. Neuron 16, 1229–1236.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Piani D. and Fontana A. (1994) Involvement of the cystine transport system xc-in the macrophage-induced glutamate-dependent cytotoxicity to neurons. J. Immunol. 152, 3578–3585.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Noda M., Nakanishi H., and Akaike N. (1999) Glutamate release from microglia via glutamate transporter is enhanced by amyloid-beta peptide. Neuroscience 92, 1465–1474.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Siesjo B. K. and Bengtsson F. (1989) Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists, and calcium-related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia, and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 127–140.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Pocock J. M. and Nicholls D. G. (1998) Exocytotic and nonexocytotic modes of glutamate release from cultured cerebellar granule cells during chemical ischaemia. J. Neurochem. 70, 806–813.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Beal M. F., Brouillet E., Jenkins B. G., et al. (1993) Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J. Neurosci. 13, 4181–4192.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lee W. T., Shen Y. Z., and Chang C. (2000) Neuroprotective effect of lamotrigine and MK-801 on rat brain lesions induced by 3-nitropropionic acid: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroscience 95, 89–95.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Betarbet R., Sherer T. B., and Greenamyre J. T. (2002) Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Bioessays 24, 308–318.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Greene J. G. and Greenamyre J. T. (1995) Exacerbation of NMDA, AMPA, and L-glutamate excitotoxicity by the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor malonate. J. Neurochem. 64, 2332–2338.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Greenamyre J. T., Sherer T. B., Betarbet R., and Panov A. V. (2001) Complex I and Parkinson’s disease. IUBMB Life 52, 135–141.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kim W. K. and Ko K. H. (1998) Potentiation of _N_-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity by immunostimulated murine microglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 54, 17–26.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Capano M., Virji S., and Crompton M. (2002) Cyclophilin-A is involved in excitotoxin-induced caspase activation in rat neuronal B50 cells. Biochem. J. 363, 29–36.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Withe B. C., Sullivan J. M., DeGracia D. J., et al. (2000) Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurol. Sci. 179, 1–33.
Google Scholar
- Leist M., Volbracht C., Kuhnle S., Fava E., Ferrandomay E., and Nicotera P. (1997) Caspase-mediated apoptosis in neuronal excitotoxicity triggered by nitric oxide. Molecular Medicine 11, 750–764.
Google Scholar
- Tamatami M., Ogawa S., Niitsu Y., and Tohyama M. (1998) Involvement of Bcl-2 family and caspase-3-like protease in NO-mediated neuronal apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 71, 1588–1596.
Google Scholar
- Uehara T., Kikuchi Y., and Nomura Y. (1999) Caspase activation accompanying cytochrome c release from mitochondria is possibly involved in nitric-oxide-induced neuronal apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. J. Neurochem. 72, 196–205.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Szabo C. and Dawson V. L. (1998) Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation and ischaemia-reperfusion. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19, 287–298.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Yu S. W., Wang H., Poitras M. F., et al. (2002) Mediation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-dependent cell death by apoptosis-inducing factor. Science 297, 259–263.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Molina y Vedia L., McDonald B., Reep B., Brune B., Di Silvio M., Billiar T. R., and Lapentina E. G. (1992) NO-induced S-nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibits enzyme activity and increases endogenous ADP- ribosylation. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24,929–24,932.
CAS Google Scholar
- Albina J. E., Mastrofrancesco B., and Reichner J. S. (1999) Acyl phosphatase activity of NO-inhibited glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a potential mechanism for uncoupling glycolysis from ATP production in NO producing cells. Biochem. J. 341, 5–9.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bal-Price A. and Brown G. C. (2000) Nitric oxide-induced necrosis and apoptosis in PC12 cells mediated by mitochondria. J. Neurochem. 75, 1455–1464.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Leist M. and Nicotera P. (1998) Apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and neuropathology. Exp. Cell Res. 239, 183–201.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Volbracht C., Fava E., Leist M., and Nicotera P. (2001) Calpain inhibitors prevent nitric oxide-triggered excitotoxic apoptosis. Neuroreport. 12, 3645–3648.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Leist M., Single B., Naumann H., Fava E., Simon B., Kuhnle S., and Nicotera P. (1999) Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP generation by nitric oxide switches apoptosis to necrosis. Exp. Cell Res. 249, 396–403.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ghatan S., Larner S., Kinoshita Y., Hetman M., Patel L., Xia Z., Youle R. J., and Morrison R. S. (2000) p38 MAP kinase mediates bax translocation in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in neurons. J. Cell Biol. 150, 335–547.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Cheng A., Chan S. L., Milhavet O., Wang S., and Mattson M. P. (2001) p38 MAP kinase mediates nitric oxide-induced apoptosis of neural progenitor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 43,320–43,327.
CAS Google Scholar
- Vincent A. M., TenBroeke M., and Maiese K. (1999) Neuronal intracellular pH directly mediates NO-induced programmed cell death. J. Neurobiol. 40, 171–184.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Golde S., Chandran S., Brown G. C., and Compston A. (2002) Different pathways for iNOS-mediated toxicity in vitro dependent on neuronal maturation and NMDA receptor expression. J. Neurochem. 82, 269–282.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lipton S. A. and Stamler J. S. (1994) Actions of redox-related congeners of nitric oxide at the NMDA receptor. Neuropharmacology 33, 1229–1233.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- D’Emilia D. M. and Lipton S. A. (1999) Ratio of S-nitrosohomocyst(e)ine to homocyst(e)ine or other thiols determines neurotoxicity in rat cerebrocortical cultures. Neurosci Lett. 265, 103–106.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Torok N. J., Higuchi H., Bronk S., and Gores G. J. (2002) Nitric oxide inhibits apoptosis down-stream of cytochrome C release by nitrosylating caspase 9. Cancer Res. 62, 1648–1653.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Thippeswamy T., McKay J. S., and Morris R. (2001) Bax and caspases are inhibited by endogenous nitric oxide in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1229–1236.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lipton S. A. (1999) Neuronal protection and destruction by NO. Cell Death Differ. 6, 943–951.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Takuma K., Phuagphong P., Lee E., Mori K., Baba A., and Matsuda T. (2001) Anti-apoptotic effect of cGMP in cultured astrocytes: inhibition by cGMP-dependent protein kinase of mitochondrial permeable transition pore. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48,093–48,099.
CAS Google Scholar
- Boje K. M. and Arora P. K. (1992) Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 587, 250–256.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C., Hu S., Molitor T. W., Shaskan E. G., and Peterson P. K. (1992) Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J. Immuno. 149, 2736–2741.
CAS Google Scholar
- Dawson V. L., Brahmbhatt H. P., Mong J. A., and Dawson T. M. (1994) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase causes delayed neurotoxicity in primary mixed neuronal-glial cortical cultures. Neuropharmacology 33, 1425–1430.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Jeohn G. H., Kim W. G., and Hong J. S. (2000) Time dependency of the action of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-interferon-gamma-induced neuronal cell death in murine primary neuronglia co-cultures. Brain Res. 880, 173–177.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Le W., Rowe D., Xie W., Ortiz I., He Y., and Appel S. H. (2001) Microglial activation and dopaminergic cell injury: an in vitro model relevant to Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosci. 21, 8447–8455.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McMillian M., Kong L. Y., Sawin S. M., Wilson B., Das K., Hudson P., Hong J. S., and Bing G. (1995) Selective killing of cholinergic neurons by microglial activation in basal forebrain mixed neuronal/glial cultures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215, 572–577.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bauer J., Rauschka H., and Lassmann H. (2001) Inflammation in the nervous system: the human perspective. Glia 36, 235–243.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chao C. C., Lokensgard J. R., Sheng W. S., Hu S., and Peterson P. K. (1997) IL-1-induced iNOS expression in human astrocytes via NF-kappaB. Neuroreport 8, 3163–3166.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Matsuoka Y., Kitamura Y., Takahashi H., Tooyama I., Kimura H., and Gebicke-Haerter P.J. (1999) Interferon-gamma plus lipopolysaccharide induction of delayed neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus. Neurochem. Int. 34, 91–99.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Iravani M. M., Kashefi K., Mander P., Rose S., and Jenner P. (2002) Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammation-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 110, 49–58.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Park W. S., Chang Y. S., and Lee M. (2001) N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) attenuates the acute inflammatory responses and brain injury during the early phase of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in the newborn piglet. Neurol. Res. 23, 862–886.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Morimoto K., Murasugi T., and Oda T. (2002) Acute neuroinflammation exacerbates excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus in vivo. Exp. Neurol. 177, 95–104.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Vodovotz Y., Lucia M. S., Flanders K. C., et al. (1996) Inducible nitric oxide synthase in tangle-bearing neurons of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1425–1433.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Smith M. A., Richey P. L., Sayre L. M., Beckman J. S., and Perry G. (1997) Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 17, 2653–2657.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Duda J. E., Giasson B. I., Chen Q., et al. (2000) Widespread nitration of pathological inclusions in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 1439–1445.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McGeer P. L. and McGeer E. G. (2001) Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 22, 799–809.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Tran M. H., Yamada K., Olariu A., Mizuno M., Ren X. H., and Nabeshima T. (2001) Amyloid β-peptide induces nitric oxide production in rat hippocampus: association with cholinergic dysfunction and amelioration by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. FASEB J 15, 1407–1409.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Koistinaho M., Kettunen M. I., Goldsteins G., et al. (2002) Beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice that harbor diffuse A beta deposits but do not form plaques show increased ischemic vulnerability: role of inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1610–1615.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McGeer P. L., Yasojima K., and McGeer E. G. (2001) Inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Adv. Neurol. 86, 83–9.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Knott C., Stern G., and Wilkin G. P. (2000) Inflammatory regulators in Parkinson’s disease: iNOS, lipocortin-1, and cyclooxygenases-1 and -2. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 16, 724–739.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hunot S., Boissiere F., Faucheux B., Brugg B., Mouatt-Prigent A., Agid Y., and Hirsch E. C. (1996) Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 72, 355–363.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Good P. F., Hsu A., Werner P., Perl D. P., and Olanow C. W. (1998) Protein nitration in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57, 338–342.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Barthwal M. K., Srivastava N., and Dikshit M. (2001) Role of NO in a progressive neurodegeneration model of Parkinson’s disease in the rat. Redox Rep. 6, 297–302.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Du Y., Ma Z., Lin S., et al. (2001) Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14,669–14,674.
CAS Google Scholar
- Schapira A. H., Mann V. M., Cooper J. M., et al. (1990) Anatomic and disease specificity of NADH CoQ1 reductase (complex I) deficiency in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurochem. 55, 2142–2145.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Dehmer T., Lindenau J., Haid S., Dichgans J., and Schulz J. B. (2000) Deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against MPTP toxicity in vivo. J. Neurochem. 74, 2213–2216.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hantraye P., Brouillet E., Ferrante R., Palfi S., Dolan R., Matthews R. T., and Beal M. F. (1996) Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in baboons. Nat. Med. 2, 1017–1021.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Przedborski S., Jackson-Lewis V., Yokoyama R., Shibata T., Dawson V. L., and Dawson T. M. (1996) Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 4565–4571.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Estevez A. G., Spear N., Manuel S. M., Barbeito L., Radi R., and Beckman J. S. (1998) Role of endogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite formation in the survival and death of motor neurons in culture. Prog. Brain Res. 118, 269–280.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sasaki S., Shibata N., Komori T., and Iwata M. (2000) iNOS and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci. Lett. 8, 44–48.
Google Scholar
- Phul R. K., Shaw P. J., Ince P. G., and Smith M. E. (2000) Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord. 1, 259–256.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Beckman J. S., Carson M., Smith C. D., and Koppenol W. H. (1993) ALS, SOD and peroxynitrite. Nature 364, 584–588.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Almer G., Vukosavic S., Romero N., and Przedborski S. (1999) Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulation in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurochem. 72, 2415–2425.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sasaki S., Warita H., Abe K., and Iwata M. (2001) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the spinal cords of transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60, 839–846.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Tohgi H., Abe T., Yamazaki K., Murata T., Ishizaki E., and Isobe C. (1999) Remarkable increase in cerebrospinal fluid 3-nitrotyrosine in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 46, 129–131.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Trapp B. D., Peterson J., Ransohoff R. M., Rudick R., Mork S., and Bo L. (1998) Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 323–325.
Google Scholar
- Liu J. S., Zhao M. L., Brosnan C. F., and Lee S. C. (2001) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 158, 2057–2066.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- De Groot C. J., Ruuls S. R., Theeuwes J. W., Dijkstra C. D., and Van der Valk P. (1997) Immunocytochemical characterization of the expression of inducible and constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 10–20.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Bagasra O., Michaels F. H., Zheng Y. M., et al. (1995) Activation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12,041–12,045.
CAS Google Scholar
- Oleszak E. L., Zaczynska E., Bhattacharjee M., Butunoi C., Legido A., and Katsetos C. D. (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine are found in monocytes/macrophages and/or astrocytes in acute, but not in chronic, multiple sclerosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5, 438–445.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Mitrovic B., Ignarro L. J., Montestruque S., Smoll A., and Merrill J. E. (1994) Nitric oxide as a potential pathological mechanism in demyelination: its differential effects on primary glial cells in vitro. Neuroscience 61, 575–585.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fenyk-Melody J. E., Garrison A. E., Brunnert S. R., Weidner J. R., Shen F., Shelton B. A., and Mudgett J. S. (1998) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated in mice lacking the NOS2 gene. J. Immunol. 160, 2940–2946.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Pozza M., Bettelli C., Aloe L., Giardino L., and Calza L. (2000) Further evidence for a role of nitric oxide in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: aminoguanidine treatment modifies its clinical evolution. Brain Res. 855, 39–46.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hooper D. C., Bagasra O., Marini J. C., et al. (1997) Prevention of experimental allergic encephalo-myelitis by targeting nitric oxide and peroxynitrite: implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2528–2533.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Malinski T., Bailey F., Zhang Z. G., and Chopp M. (1993) Nitric oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 355–358.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Jiang K., Kim S., Murphy S., Song D., and Pastuszko A. (1996) Effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on regional activity of nitric oxide synthase in brain of newborn piglets. Neurosci Lett. 206, 199–203.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang Z. G., Chopp M., Gautam S., et al. (1994) Upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and mRNA, and selective sparing of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Brain Res. 654, 85–95.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Guo Y., Ward M. E., Beasjours S., Mori M., and Hussain S. N. (1997) Regulation of cerebellar nitric oxide production in response to prolonged in vivo hypoxia. J. Neurosci. Res. 49, 89–97.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Huang Z., Huang PL., Panahian N., Dalkara T., Fishman M. C., and Moskowitz M. A. (1994) Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 265, 1883–1885.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hara H., Huang P. L., Panahian N., Fishman M. C., and Moskowitz M. A. (1996) Reduced brain edema and infarction volume in mice lacking the neuronal isoform of NO synthase after transient MCA occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 605–611.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ste-Marie L., Hazell A. S., Bemeur C., Butterworth R., and Montgomery J. (2001) Immunohistochemical detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and manganese superoxide dismutase following hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 918, 10–19.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Holtz M. L., Craddock S. D., and Pettigrew K. (2001) Rapid expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases during post-ischemic reperfusion in rat brain. Brain Res. 898, 49–60.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Parmentier-Batteur S., Bohme G. A., Lerouet D., Zhou-Ding L., Beray V., Margaill I., and Plotkine M. (2001) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21, 15–21.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Parmentier S., Bohme G. A., Lerouet D., Damour D., Stutzmann J. M., Margaill I., and Plotkine M. (1999) Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents ischaemic brain injury. Br. J. Pharmacol. 127, 546–552.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Samdani A. F., Dawson T. M., and Dawson V. L. (1997) Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia. Stroke 28, 1283–1288.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wei G., Dawson V. L., and Zweier J. L. (1999) Role of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in nitric oxide generation in the brain following cerebral ischemia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1455, 23–34.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Grzybicki D., Moore S. A., Schelper R., Glabinski A. R., Murphy S., and Ransohoff R. M. (1998) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and nitric oxide synthase-2 following cerebral trauma. Acta. Neuropathol. 95, 98–103.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wada K., Chatzipanteli K., Kraydieh S, Busto R., and Dietrich W. D. (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression after traumatic brain injury and neuroprotection with aminoguanidine treatment in rats. Neurosurgery 43, 1427–1436.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Satake K., Matsuyama Y., Kamiya M., Kawakami H., Iwata H., Adachi K., and Kiuchi K. (2000) Nitric oxide via macrophage iNOS induces apoptosis following traumatic spinal cord injury. Mol. Brain Res. 85, 114–122.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kyrkanides S., O’Banion M. K., Whiteley P. E., Daeschner J. C., and Olschowka J. A. (2001) Enhanced glial activation and expression of specific CNS inflammation-related molecules in aged versus young rats following cortical stab injury. J. Neuroimmunol. 119, 269–277.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Payan H., Toga M., and Berard-Badier M. (1970) The pathology of post-traumatic epilepsies. Epilepsia 11, 390–392.
Google Scholar
- Bagetta G., Paoletti A. M., Leta A., Del Duca C., Nistico R., Rotiroti D., and Corasaniti M. T. (2002) Abnormal expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase triggers limbic seizures and hippocampal damage in rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291, 255–260.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chavko M., Xing G., and Keyser D. O. (2001) Increased sensitivity to seizures in repeated exposures to hyperbaric oxygen: role of NOS activation. Brain Res. 900, 227–233.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Van Leeuwen R., De Vries R., and Dzoljic M. R. (1995) 7-Nitro indazole, an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, attenuates pilocarpine-induced seizures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 287, 211–213.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Chung H. Y., Kim H. J., Kim J. W., and Yu B. P. (2001) The inflammation hypothesis of aging: molecular modulation by calorie restriction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 928, 327–335.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hilbig H., Holler J., Dinse H. R., and Bidmon H. J. (2002) In contrast to neuronal NOS-I, the inducible NOS-II expression in aging brains is modifled by enriched environmental conditions. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 53, 427–431.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Shin C. M., Chung Y. H., Kim M. J., Lee E. Y., Kim E. G., and Cha C. I. (2002) Age-related changes in the distribution of nitrotyrosine in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. Brain Res. 931, 194–199.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Uttenthal L. O., Alonso D., Fernandez A. P., et al. (1998) Neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivities in the cerebral cortex of the aging rat. Microsc. Res. Tech. 43, 75–88.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- McCann S. M., Licinio J., Wong M. L., Yu W. H., Karanth S., and Rettorri V. (1998) The nitric oxide hypothesis of aging. Exp. Gerontol. 33, 813–826.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Adamson D. C., Wildemann B., Sasaki M., et al. (1996) Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41. Science 274, 1917–1921.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Rostasy K., Monti L., Yiannoutsos C., et al. (1999) Human immunodeficiency virus infection, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and microglial activ-ation: pathogenetic relationship to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex. Ann. Neurol. 46, 207–216.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hu S., Ali H., Sheng W. S., Ehrlich L. C., Peterson P. K., and Chao C. C. (1999) Gp-41-mediated astrocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression: involvement of interleukin-1beta production by microglia. J. Neurosci. 19, 6468–6474.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhao M. L., Kim M. O., Morgello S., and Lee S. C. (2001) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1 and caspase-1 in HIV-1 encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 115, 182–191.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Giovannoni G., Miller R. F., Heales S. J., Land J. M., Harrison M. J., and Thompson E. J. (1998) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with central nervous system complications of HIV-1 infection: a correlation with blood-brain-barrier dysfunction. J. Neurol. Sci. 156, 53–58.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Torre D., Ferrario G., Speranza F., Orani A., Fiori G. P., and Zeroli C. (1996) Serum concentrations of nitrite in patients with HIV-1 infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 49, 574–576.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Floyd R. A., Hensley K., Jaffery F., Maidt L., Robinson K., Pye Q., and Stewart C. (1999) Increased oxidative stress brought on by proinflammatory cytokines in neurodegenerative processes and the protective role of nitrone-based free radical traps. Life Sci. 65, 1893–1899.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hori K., Burd P. R., Furuke K., Kutza J., Weih K. A., and Clouse L. (1999) Human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected macrophages induce inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide (NO) production in astrocytes: astrocytic NO as a possible mediator of neural damage in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood 93, 1843–1850.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Colton C. A. (1995) Induction of nitric oxide in cultured microglia: evidence for a cytoprotective role. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 5, 491–503.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Schoneboom B. A., Catlin K. M., Marty A. M., and Grieder F. B. (2000) Inflammation is a component of neurodegeneration in response to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 109, 132–146.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Winkler F., Koedel U., Kastenbauer S., and Pfister H. W. (2001) Differential expression of nitric oxide synthases in bacterial meningitis: role of the inducible isoform for blood-brain barrier breakdown. J. Infect. Dis. 183, 1749–1759.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Leib S. L., Kim Y. S., Black S. M., Tureen J. H., and Tauber M. G. (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase and the effect of aminoguanidine in experimental neonatal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 692–700.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sugaya K., Chou S., Xu S. J., and McKinney M. (1998) Indicators of glial activation and brain oxidative stress after intraventricular infusion of endotoxin. Mol. Brain Res. 58, 1–9.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wong B. S., Liu T., Paisley D., et al. (2001) Induction of HO-1 and NOS in doppel-expressing mice devoid of PrP: implications for doppel function. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 17, 768–775.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fabrizi C., Silei V., Menegazzi M., et al. (2001) The stimulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by the prion protein fragment 106–126 in human microglia is tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent and involves p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 25,692–25,696.
CAS Google Scholar
- Kim J. I., Ju W. K., Choi J. H., Choi E., Carp R. I., Wisniewski H. M., and Kim Y. S. (1999) Expression of cytokine genes and increased nuclear factor-kappa B activity in the brains of scrapieinfected mice. Mol. Brain Res. 73, 17–27.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Van Everbroeck B., Dewulf E., Pals P., Lubke U., Martin J. J., and Cras P. (2002) The role of cytokines, astrocytes, microglia and apoptosis in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol. Aging 23, 59–64.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Goyagi T., Goto S., Bhardwaj A., Dawson V. L., Hurn P. D., and Kirsch J. R. (2002) Neuroprotective effect of sigma(1)-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) is linked to reduced neuronal nitric oxide production. Stroke 32, 1613–1620.
Google Scholar
- Kastenbauer S., Klein M., Koedel U., and Pfister H. W. (2001) Reactive nitrogen species contribute to blood-labyrinth barrier disruption in suppurative labyrinthitis complicating experimental pneumococcal meningitis in the rat. Brain Res. 904, 208–217.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Corasaniti M. T., Melino G., Navarra M., Garaci E., Finazzi-Agro A., and Nistico G. (1995) Death of cultured human neuroblastoma cells induced by HIV-1 gp120 is prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase. Neurodegeneration 4, 315–321.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Clark R. S., Kochanek P. M., Obrist W. D., et al. (1996) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations after head injury in humans. Crit. Care Med. 24, 1243–1251.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar