Aleshkov S., Abraham C. R., and Zannis V. I. (1997) Interaction of nascent apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 isoforms expressed in mammalian cells with amyloid peptide β(1–40): relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Biochemistry36, 10571–10580. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bales K. R., Verina T., Dodel R. C., Du Y., Altstiel L., Bender, M., et al. (1997) Lack of apolipoprotein E dramatically reduces amyloid β-peptide deposition. Nat. Genet.17, 263,264. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barger S. W. and Harmon A. D. (1997) Microglial activation by Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and modulation by apolipoprotein E. Nature388, 878–881. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barger S. W. and Mattson M. P. (1997) Isoform-specific modulation by apolipoprotein E of the activities of secreted β-amyloid precursor protein. J. Neurochem.69, 60–67. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beffert, U., Aumont N., Dea D., Lussier-Cacan S., Davignon J., and Poirier J. (1999) A polipoprotein E isoformspecific reduction of extracellular amyloid in neuronal cultures. Mol. Brain Res.68, 181–185. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chartier-Harlin M. C., Parfitt M., Legrain S., Perez-Tur J., Brousseau T., Evans A., et al. 1994. Apolipoprotein E, ε4 allele as a major risk factor for sporadic early and late-onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease: analysis of the 19q13.2 chromosomal region. Hum. Mol. Genet.3, 569–574. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Choi-Miura, N. H., Ihara Y., Fukuchi K., Takeda M., Nakano Y., Tobe T., and Tomita M. (1992) SP-40,40 is a constituent of Alzheimer’s amyloid. Acta Neuropathol.83, 260–264. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chui D. H., Tanahashi H., Ozawa K., Ikeda S., Checler F., Ueda O., et al. (1999) Transgenic mice with Alzheimer presenilin 1 mutations show accelerated neurodegeneration without amyloid plaque formation. Nat. Med.5, 560–564. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cole G. M. and. Ard M. D. (2000) Influence of lipoproteins on microglial degradation of Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-protein. Microsc. Res. Tech.50, 316–24. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cole G. M., Beech W., Frautschy S. A., Sigel J., Glasgow C., and Ard M. D. (1999) Lipoprotein effects on Abeta accumulation and degradation by microglia in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res.57, 504–520. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Corder E. H., Saunder S. M., Risch N. J., Strittmatter W. J., Schmechel D. E., Gaskell P. C. Jr., et al. (1994) Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nat. Genet.7, 180–184. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Corder E. H., Saunder S. M., Strittmatter W. J., Schmechel D. E., Gaskell P. C., Small G. W., et al. (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science261, 921–923. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cummings B. J. and Cotman C. W. (1995) Image analysis of beta-amyloid load in Alzheimer’s disease and relation to dementia severity. Lancet346, 1524–1528. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dahlgren K. N., Manelli A. M., Stine W. B. Jr., Baker L. K., Krafft G. A., and LaDu M. J. (2002) Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-beta peptides differentially affect neuronal viability. J. Biol. Chem.277, 32046–32053. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Drouet B., Fifre A., Pincon-Raymond M., Vandekerckhove J., Rosseneu M., Gueant J. L., et al. (2001) ApoE protects cortical neurones against neurotoxicity induced by the non-fibrillar C-terminal domain of the amyloid-beta peptide. J. Neurochem.76, 117–127. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Evans K. C., Berger E. P., Cho C. G., Weisgraber K. H., and Lansbury P. T. (1995) Apolipoprotein E is a kinetic but not a thermodynamic inhibitor of amyloid formation: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92, 763–767. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Frisoni G. B., Govoni S., Geroldi C., Bianchetti A., Calabresi L., Franceschini G., and Trabucchi M. (1995) Gene dose of the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E and disease progression in sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol.37, 596–604. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ghiso J., Matsubara E., Koudinov A., Choi-Miura N. H., Tomita M., Wisniewski T., and Frangione B. (1993) The cerebrospinal-fluid form of Alzheimer’s amyloid beta is complexed to SP-40,40 (apolipoprotein J), an inhibitor of the complement membrane-attack complex. Biochem. J.293, 27–30. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Guillaume D., Bertrand P., Dea D., Davignon J., and Poirier J. (1996) Apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein binding and internalization in primary cultures of rat astrocytes: isoform-specific alterations. J. Neurochem.66, 2410–2418. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haass C. and Steiner H. (2001) Protofibrils, the unifying toxic molecule of neurodegenerative disorders? Nat. Neurosci.4, 859,860. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hardy J. and Selkoe D. J. (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science297, 353–356. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hartley D. M., Walsh D. M., Ye C. P., Diehl T., Vasquez S., Vassilev P. M., et al. (1999) Protofibrillar intermediates of amyloid beta-protein induce acute electrophysiological changes and progressive neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. J. Neurosci.19, 8876–8884. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hartman R. E., Laurer H., Longhi L., Bales K. R., Paul S. M., McIntosh T. K., and Holtzman D. M. (2002) Apolipoprotein E4 influences amyloid deposition but not cell loss after traumatic brain injury in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci.22, 10083–10087. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Holtzman D. M., Bales K. R., Tenkova T., Fagan A. M., Parsadanian M., Sartorius L. J., et al. (2000) Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent amyloid deposition and neuritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA97, 2892–2897. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Holtzman D. M., Bales K. R., Wu S., Bhat P., Parsadanian M., Fagan A. M., et al. (1999) In vivo expression of apolipoprotein E reduces amyloid-β deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Clin. Invest.103, R15-R21. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Houlden H., Crook R., Duff K., Collinge J., Roques P., Rossor M., and Hardy J. (1993) Confirmation that the ApoE4 allele is associated with late onset, familial Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegeneration2, 283–286. Google Scholar
Hu J.. LaDu M. J, and Van Eldik L. J. (1998) Apolipoprotein E attenuates beta-amyloid-induced astrocyte activation. J. Neurochem.71, 1626–1634. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Irizarry M. C., Cheung B. S., Rebeck G. W., Paul S. M., Bales K. R., and Hyman B. T. (2000) Apolipoprotein E affects the amount, form, and anatomical distribution of amyloid beta-peptide deposition in homozygous APP (V717F) transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)100, 451–458. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Irizarry M. C., Soriano F., McNamara M., Page K. J., Schenk D., Games D., and Hyman B. T. (1997) Aβ deposition is associated with neuropil changes, but not with overt neuronal loss in the human amyloid precursor protein V717F (PDAPP) transgenic mouse. J. Neurosci.17, 7053–7059. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jordán J., Galindo M. F., Miller R. J., Reardon C. A., Getz G. S., and LaDu M. J. (1998) Isoform-specific effect of apolipoprotein E on cell survival and β-amyloid-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal pyramidal neuronal cultures. J. Neurosci.18, 195–204. PubMed Google Scholar
Klein W. L., Krafft G. A., and Finch C. E. (2001) Targeting small Abeta oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer’s disease conundrum? Trends Neurosci.24, 219–224. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kuo Y. M., Emmerling M. R., Vigo-Pelfrey C., Kasunic T. C., Kirkpatrick J. B., Murdoch G. H., et al. (1996) Water-soluble Abeta (N-40, N-42) oligomers in normal and Alzheimer disease brains. J. Biol. Chem.271, 4077–81. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
LaDu M. J., Falduto M. T., Manelli A. M., Reardon C. A., Getz G. S., and Frail D. E. (1994) Isoform-specific binding of apolipoprotein E to β-amyloid. J. Biol. Chem.269, 23404–23406. Google Scholar
LaDu M. J., Lukens J. R., Reardon C. A., and Getz G. S. (1997) Association of human, rat, and rabbit apolipoprotein E with beta-amyloid. J. Neurosci. Res.49, 9–18. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
LaDu M. J., Pederson T. M., Frail D. E., Reardon C. A., Getz G. S., and Falduto M. T. (1995) Purification of apolipoprotein E attenuates isoform-specific binding to β-amyloid. J. Biol. Chem.270, 9030–9042. Google Scholar
LaDu M. J., Shah J. A., Reardon C. A., Getz G. S., Bu G., Hu J., et al. (2000) Apolipoprotein E receptors mediate the effects of beta-amyloid on astrocyte cultures. J. Biol. Chem.275, 33974–33980. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
LaDu M. J., Shah J. A., Reardon C. A., Getz G. S., Bu G., Hu J., et al. (2001) Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors modulate A beta-induced glial neuroinflammatory responses. Neurochem. Int.39, 427–434. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lambert M. P., Barlow A. K., Chromy B. A., Edwards C., Freed R., Liosatos M., et al. (1998) Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95, 6448–6453. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lansbury P. T. Jr. (1999) Evolution of amyloid: what normal protein folding may tell us about fibrillogenesis and disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96, 3342–3344. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laskowitz D. T., Goel S., Bennett E. R., and Matthew W. D. (1997) Apolipoprotein E suppresses glial cell secretion of TNF alpha. J. Neuroimmunol.76, 70–74. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laskowitz, D. T., Matthew W. D., Bennett E. R., Schmechel D., Herbstreith M. H., Goel S., and McMillian M. K. (1998) Endogenous apolipoprotein E suppresses LPS-stimulated microglial nitric oxide production. Neuroreport9, 615–618. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lue L. F., Kuo Y. M., Roher A. E., Brachova L., Shen Y., Sue L., et al. (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Pathol.155, 853–862. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lynch, J. R., Morgan D., Mance J., Matthew W. D., and Laskowitz D. T. (2001) Apolipoprotein E modulates glial activation and the endogenous central nervous system inflammatory response. J. Neuroimmunol.114, 107–113. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ma J., Brewer H. B. Jr., and Potter H. (1996) Alzheimer A beta neurotoxicity: promotion by antichymotrypsin, ApoE4; inhibition by A beta-related peptides. Neurobiol. Aging17, 773–780. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ma J., Yee A., Brewer H. B., Das S., and Potter H. (1994) Amyloid-associated proteins alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer beta-protein into filaments. Nature372, 92–94. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mak Y. T., Chiu H., Woo J., Kay R., Chan Y. S., Hui E., et al. (1996) Apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer’s disease in Hong Kong elderly Chinese. Neurology46, 146–149. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Matsubara E., Frangione B., and Ghiso J. (1995) Characterization of apolipoprotein J-Alzheimer’s Aβ interaction. J. Biol. Chem.270, 7563–7567. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
McLean C. A., Cherny R. A., Fraser F. W., Fuller S. J., Smith M. J., Beyreuther K., et al. (1999) Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol.46, 860–866. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miyata M. and Smith J. D. (1996) Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides. Nat. Genet.14, 55–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mouchel Y., Lefrancois T., Fages C., and Tardy M. (1995) Apolipoprotein E expression in astrocytes: developmental pattern and regulation. Neuroreport7, 205–208. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Namba Y., Tomonaga M., Kawasaki H., Otomo E., and Ikeda K. (1991) Apolipoprotein E immunoreactivity in cerebral amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease kuru plaque amyloid in Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Brain Res.541, 163–166. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Naslund J., Haroutunian V., Mohs R., Davis K. L., Davies P., Greengard P., and Buxbaum J. D. (2000) Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid beta-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline. JAMA283, 1571–1577. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oda, T., Wals P., Osterburg H. H., Johnson S. A., Pasinetti G. M., Morgan T. E., et al. (1995) Clusterin (apoJ) alters the aggregation of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta 1-42) and forms slowly sedimenting A beta complexes that cause oxidative stress. Exp. Neurol.136, 22–31. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pericak-Vance M. A., Johnson C. C., Rimmler J. B., Saunders A. M., Robinson L. C., D’Hondt E. G., et al. (1996) Alzheimer’s disease and apolipoprotein E-4 allele in an Amish population. Ann. Neurol.39, 700–704. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rebeck G. W., Reiter J. S, Strickland D. K., and Hyman B. T. (1993) Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: allelic variation and receptor interactions. Neuron11, 575–580. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Roher A. E., Baudry J., Chaney M. O., Kuo Y. M., Stine W. B., and Emmerling M. R. (2000) Oligomerization and fibril assembly of the amyloid-beta protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1502, 31–43. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Roher A. E., Chaney M. O., Kuo Y. M., Webster S. D., Stine W. B., Haverkamp L. J., et al. (1996) Morphology and toxicity of Abeta-(1-42) dimer derived from neuritic and vascular amyloid deposits of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Biol. Chem.271, 20631–20635. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Royston M. C., Mann D., Pickering-Brown S., Owen F., Perry R., Raghavan R., et al. 1994 Apolipoprotein E epsilon 2 allele promotes longevity and protects patients with Down’s syndrome from dementia. Neuroreport5, 2583–2585. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sanan D. A., Weisgraber K. H., Russel S. J., Mahley R. W., Huang D., Saunders A., et al. (1994) Apolipoprotein E associates with β amyloid peptide of Alzheimer’s disease to form novel monofibrils. J. Clin. Invest.94, 860–869. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Saunders A. M., Schmader K., Breitner J. C. S., Benson M. D., Brown W. T., Goldfarb L., et al. (1993) Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele distributions in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and in other amyloid-forming diseases. Lancet342, 710–711. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Selkoe D. J. (2001) Alzheimer’s disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol. Rev.81, 741–766. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Small D. H. (1998) The amyloid cascade hypothesis debate: emerging consensus on the role of A beta and amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease, in The Sixth International Conference on Alzheimer’s disease, Vol. 5, The Parthenon Publishing Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 301–304. Google Scholar
Stine W. B. Jr., Dahlgren K. N., Krafft G. K., and LaDu M. J. (2003) In vitro characterization of conditions for amyloid-beta peptide oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. J. Biol Chem.278, 11612–11622. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Strittmatter W. J., Saunders A. M., Schmechel D., Pericak-Vance M., Enghild J., Salvesen G. S., and Roses A. D. (1993) Apolipoprotein E: high avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90, 1977–1981. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sullivan P. M., Mezdour H., Aratani Y., Knouff C., Najib J., Reddick R. L., et al. (1997) Targeted replacement of the mouse apolipoprotein E gene with the common human APOE3 allele enhances diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. J. Biol. Chem.272, 17972–17980. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Terry R. D. 2001 An honorable compromise regarding amyloid in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol.49, 684. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tokuda T., Calero M., Matsubara E., Vidal R., Kumar A., Permanne B., et al. (2000) Lipidation of apolipoprotein E influences its isoform-specific interaction with Alzheimer’s amyloid β-peptide. Biochem. J.348, 359–365. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsai M. S., Tangalos E. G., Petersen R. C., Smith G. E., Schaid D. J., Kokmen E., et al. (1994) Apolipoprotein E: risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet.54, 643–649. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Urmoneit B., Prikulis I., Wihl G., D’Urso D., Frank R., Heeren J., et al. (1997) Cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells internalize Alzheimer amyloid beta protein via a lipoprotein pathway: implications for cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Lab. Invest.77, 157–166. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
van Duijn C. M., de Knijff P., Cruts M., Wehnert A., Havekes L. M., Hofman A., and Van Broeckhoven C. (1994) Apolipoprotein E4 allele in a population-based study of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet.7, 74–78. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Walsh D. M., Hartley D. M., Kusumoto Y., Fezoui Y., Condron M. M., Lomakin A., et al. (1999) Amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. Structure and biological activity of protofibrillar intermediates. J. Biol. Chem.274, 25945–25952. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Walsh D. M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J. V., Cullen W. K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M. S., et al. (2002) Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature416, 535–539. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Whitson J. S., Mims M. P., Strittmatter W. J., Yamaki T., Morrisett J. D., and Appel S. H. (1994) Attenuation of the neurotoxic effect of A beta amyloid peptide by apolipoprotein E. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.199, 163–170. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Winkler K., Scharnagl H., Tisljar U., Hoschutzky H., Friedrich I., Hoffmann M. M., et al. (1999) Competition of Abeta amyloid peptide and apolipoprotein E for receptor-mediated endocytosis. J. Lipid Res.40, 447–455. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wisniewski T. and Frangione B. (1992) Apolipoprotein E: a pathological chaperone protein in patients with cerebral and systemic amyloid. Neurosci. Lett.135, 235–238. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wisniewski T., Castano E. M., Golabek A., Vogel T., and Frangione B. (1994) Acceleration of Alzheimer’s fibril formation by apolipoprotein E in vitro. Am. J. Pathol.145, 1030–1035. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wisniewski T., Golabek A., Matsubara E., Ghiso J., and Frangione B. (1993) Apolipoprotein E: binding to soluble Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.192, 359–365. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yang D. S., Small D. H., Seydel U., Smith J. D., Hallmayer J., Gandy S. E., and Martins R. N. (1999) Apolipoprotein E promotes the binding and uptake of beta-amyloid into Chinese hamster ovary cells in an isoform-specific manner. Neuroscience90, 1217–1226. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yang D.- S., Smith J. D., Zhou Z., Gandy S., and Martins R. N. (1997) Characterization of the binding of amyloid-β peptide to cell culture-derived native apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 isoforms and to isoforms from human plasma. J. Neurochem.68, 721–725. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yu C. E., Payami H., Olson J. M., Boehnke M., Wijsman E. M., Orr H. T., et al. (1994) The apolipoprotein E/CI/CII gene cluster and late-onset Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet.54, 631–642. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhou Z., Smith J. D., Greengard P., and Gandy S. (1996) Alzheimer amyloid-beta peptide forms denaturant-resistant complex with type epsilon 3 but not type epsilon 4 isoform of native apolipoprotein E. Mol. Med.2, 175–180. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar