Functional diversity of ventral midbrain dopamine and GABAergic neurons (original) (raw)
Fallon J.H. and Loughlin S.E. (1995) Substantia nigra. In The Rat Nervous System (Paxinos G., ed.), Academic Press, New York pp. 215–238. Google Scholar
Lacey M.G., Mercuri N.B. and North R.A. (1989) Two cell types in rat substantia nigra zona compacta distinguished by membrane properties and the actions of dopamine and opioids. J. Neurosci.9, 1233–1241. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson S.W. and North R.A. (1992) Two types of neurone in the rat ventral tegmental area and their synaptic inputs. J. Physiol. Lond.450, 455–468. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kita T., Kita H., and Kitai S.T. (1986) Electrical membrane properties of rat substantia nigra compacta neurons in an in vitro slice preparation. Brain Res.372, 21–30. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grace A.A. and Bunney B.S. (1980) Nigral dopamine neurons: intracellular recording and identification with L-dopa injection and histofluorescence. Science210, 654–656. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wightman R.M. and Zimmerman J.B. (1990) Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow and uptake. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.15, 135–144. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schultz W. (1998) Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol.80, 1–27. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schultz W. (2002) Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron36, 241–263. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Horvitz J.C. (2000) Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience96, 651–656. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grenhoff J., Ugedo L., and Svensson T.H. (1988) Firing patterns of midbrain dopamine neurons: differences between A9 and A10 cells. Acta Physiol. Scand.134, 127–132. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hyland B.I., Reynolds J.N., Hay J., Perk C.G., and Miller R. (2002) Firing modes of midbrain dopamine cells in the freely moving rat. Neuroscience114, 475–492. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Overton P.G. and Clark D. (1997) Burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.25, 312–334. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson S.W., Seutin V., and North R.A. (1992) Burst firing in dopamine neurons induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate: role of electrogenic sodium pump. Science258, 665–667. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seutin V., Johnson S.W., and North R.A. (1993) Apamin increases NMDA-induced burst-firing of rat mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Brain Res.630, 341–344. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kohler M., Hirschberg B., Bond C.T., Kinzie J.M., Marrion N.V., Maylie J., et al. (1996) Small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels from mammalian brain. Science273, 1709–1714. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mourre C., Schmid-Antomarchi H., Hugues M., and Lazdunski M. (1984) Autoradiographic localization of apamin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol.100, 135–136. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolfart J., Neuhoff H., Franz O., and Roeper J. (2001) Differential expression of the small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 is critical for pacemaker control in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci.21, 3443–3456. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carlson J.H. and Foote S.L. (1992) Oscillation of interspike interval length in substantia nigra dopamine neurons: effects of nicotine and the dopaminergic D2 agonist LY 163502 on electrophysiological activity. Synapse11, 229–248. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Deniau J.M., Menetrey A., and Charpier S. (1996) The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: segregated patterns of striatal afferents and relationship to the topography of corticostriatal projections. Neuroscience73, 761–781. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bevan M.D., Booth P.A., Eaton S.A., and Bolam J.P. (1998) Selective innervation of neostriatal interneurons by a subclass of neuron in the globus pallidus of the rat. J. Neurosci.18, 9438–9452. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruskin D.N., Bergstrom D.A., Kaneoke Y., Patel B.N., Twery M.J., and Walters J.R. (1999) Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. J. Neurophysiol.81, 2046–2055. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruskin D.N., Bergstrom D.A., Tierney P.L., and Walters J.R. (2003) Correlated multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: modulation by dopamine and the subthalamic nucleus. Neuroscience117, 427–438. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fiorillo C.D. and Williams J.T. (1998) Glutamate mediates an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in dopamine neurons. Nature394, 78–82. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paladini C.A., Fiorillo C.D., Morikawa H., and Williams J.T. (2001) Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons. Nat. Neurosci.4, 275–281. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolfart J. and Roeper J. (2002) Selective coupling of T-type calcium channels to SK potassium channels prevents intrinsic bursting in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci.22, 3404–3413. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grace A.A. and Bunney B.S. (1984) The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing. J. Neurosci.4, 2877–2890. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wilson C.J. and Callaway J.C. (2000) Coupled oscillator model of the dopaminergic neuron of the substantia nigra. J. Neurophysiol.83, 3084–3100. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paladini C.A., Robinson S., Morikawa H., Williams J.T., and Palmiter R.D. (2003) Dopamine controls the firing pattern of dopamine neurons via a network feedback mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA100, 2866–2871. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Korotkova T.M., Sergeeva O.A., Eriksson K.S., Haas H.L., and Brown R.E. (2003) Excitation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons by orexins/hypocretins. J. Neurosci.23, 7–11. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sakurai T., Amemiya A., Ishii M., Matsuzaki I., Chemelli R.M., Tanaka H., et al. (1998) Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell92, 573–585. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
de Lecea L., Kilduff T.S., Peyron C., Gao X., Foye P.E., Danielson P.E., et al. (1998) The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95, 322–327. PubMed Google Scholar
Goodall E., Trenchard E., and Silverstone T. (1987) Receptor blocking drugs and amphetamine anorexia in human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl)92, 484–490. CAS Google Scholar
Krahn D.D. and Gosnell B.A. (1989) Corticotropin-releasing hormone: possible role in eating disorders. Psychiatr. Med.7, 235–245. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rodgers R.J., Halford J.C., Nunes de Souza R.L., Canto de Souza A.L., Piper D.C., Arch J.R., et al. (2001) SB-334867, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances behavioural satiety and blocks the hyperphagic effect of orexin-A in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci.13, 1444–1452. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin L., Faraco J., Li R., Kadotani H., Rogers W., Lin X., et al. (1999) The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell98, 365–376. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nishino S., Ripley B., Overeem S., Lammers G.J., and Mignot E. (2000) Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet355, 39–40. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hagan J.J., Leslie R.A., Patel S., Evans M.L., Wattam T.A., Holmes S., et al. (1999) Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96, 10,911–10,916. CAS Google Scholar
Brown R.E., Sergeeva O., Eriksson K.S., and Haas H.L. (2001) Orexin A excites serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Neuropharmacology40, 457–459. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brown R.E., Sergeeva O.A., Eriksson K.S., and Haas H.L. (2002) Convergent excitation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons by multiple arousal systems (orexin/hypocretin, histamine and noradrenaline). J. Neurosci.22, 8850–8859. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eriksson K.S., Sergeeva O., Brown R.E., and Haas H.L. (2001) Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J. Neurosci.21, 9273–9279. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Korotkova T.M., Eriksson K.S., Haas H.L., and Brown R.E. (2002) Selective excitation of GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat by orexin/hypocretin in vitro. Regul. Pept.104, 83–89. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liu F.C. and Graybiel A.M. (1992) Transient calbindin-D28k-positive systems in the telencephalon: ganglionic eminence, developing striatum and cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci.12, 674–690. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fadel J. and Deutch A.Y. (2002) Anatomical substrates of orexin-dopamine interactions: lateral hypothalamic projections to the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience111, 379–387. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li Y., Gao X.B., Sakurai T., and van den Pol A.N. (2002) Hypocretin/orexin excites hypocretin neurons via a local glutamate neuron-A potential mechanism for orchestrating the hypothalamic arousal system. Neuron36, 1169–1181. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
You Z.B., Chen Y.Q., and Wise R.A. (2001) Dopamine and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat following lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Neuroscience107, 629–639. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yamanaka A., Beuckmann C.T., Willie J.T., Hara J., Tsujino N., Mieda M., et al. (2003) Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice. Neuron38, 701–713. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wisor J.P., Nishino S., Sora I., Uhl G.H., Mignot E., and Edgar D.M. (2001) Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness. J. Neurosci.21, 1787–1794. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reid M.S., Tafti M., Nishino S., Sampathkumaran R., Siegel J.M., and Mignot E. (1996) Local administration of dopaminergic drugs into the ventral tegmental area modulates cataplexy in the narcoleptic canine. Brain Res.733, 83–100. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Okura M., Riehl J., Mignot E., and Nishino S. (2000) Sulpiride, a D2/D3 blocker, reduces cataplexy but not REM sleep in canine narcolepsy. Neuropsychopharmacology23, 528–538. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nishino S. and Mignot E. (1997) Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy. Prog. Neurobiol.52, 27–78. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Horvath T.L., Peyron C., Diano S., Ivanov A., Aston-Jones G., Kilduff T.S., et al. (1999) Hypocretin (orexin) activation and synaptic innervation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system. J. Comp. Neurol.415, 145–159. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Clapham D.E., Runnels L.W., and Strubing C. (2001) The TRP ion channel family. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.2, 387–396. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Obukhov A.G. and Nowycky M.C. (2002) TRPC4 can be activated by G-protein-coupled receptors and provides sufficient Ca(2+) to trigger exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. J. Biol. Chem.277, 16,172–16,178. CAS Google Scholar
Sergeeva O.A., Korotkova T.M., Scherer A., Brown R.E., and Haas H.L. (2003) Co-expression of non-selective cation channels of the transient receptor potential canonical family in central aminergic neurons. J. Neurochem.85, 1547–1552. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Neuhoff H., Neu A., Liss B., and Roeper J. (2002) 1(h) channels contribute to the different functional properties of identified dopaminergic subpopulations in the midbrain. J. Neurosci.22, 1290–1302. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kiyatkin E.A. and Rebec G.V. (1998) Heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons: single-unit recording and iontophoresis in awake, unrestrained rats. Neuroscience85, 1285–1309. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paladini C.A., Celada P., and Tepper J.M. (1999) Striatal, pallidal, and pars reticulata evoked inhibition of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is mediated by GABA(A) receptors in vivo. Neuroscience89, 799–812. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seutin V., Massotte L., Renette M.F., and Dresse A. (2001) Evidence for a modulatory role of Ih on the firing of a subgroup of midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuroreport12, 255–258. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dabbeni-Sala F., Di Santo S., Franceschini D., Skaper S.D., and Giusti P. (2001) Melatonin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neutoxicity in rats: a role for mitochondrial complex I activity. FASEB J.15, 164–170. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Greenamyre J.T., Sherer T.B., Betarbet R., and Panov A.V. (2001) Complex I and Parkinson’s disease. IUBMB. Life52, 135–141. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Betarbet R., Sherer T.B., MacKenzie G., Garcia-Osuna M., Panov A.V., and Greenamyre J.T. (2000) Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nat. Neurosci.3, 1301–1306. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schapira A.H., Gu M., Taanman J.W., Tabrizi S.J., Seaton T., Cleeter M., et al. (1998) Mitochondria in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol.44, S89-S98. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liss B. and Roeper J. (2001) ATP-sensitive potassium channels in dopaminergic neurons: transducers of mitochondrial dysfunction. News Physiol. Sci.16, 214–217. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mourre C., Ben Ari Y., Bernardi H., Fosset M., and Lazdunski M. (1989) Antidiabetic sulfonylureas: localization of binding sites in the brain and effects on the hyperpolarization induced by anoxia in hippocampal slices. Brain Res.486, 159–164. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xu S.G., Prasad C., and Smith D.E. (1999) Neurons exhibiting dopamine D2 receptor immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of the mutant weaver mouse. Neuroscience89, 191–207. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liss B., Neu A., and Roeper J. (1999) The weaver mouse gain-of-function phenotype of dopaminergic midbrain neurons is determined by coactivation of wvGirk2 and K-ATP channels. J. Neurosci.19, 8839–8848. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liang C.L., Sinton C.M., Sonsalla P.K., and German D.C. (1996) Midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the mouse that contain calbindin-D28k exhibit reduced vulnerability to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration5, 313–318. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rodriguez M., Barroso-Chinea P., Abdala P., Obeso J., and Gonzalez-Hernandez T. (2001) Dopamine cell degeneration induced by intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat: similarities with cell loss in Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol.169, 163–181. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meyer M., Zimmer J., Seiler R.W., and Widmer H.R. (1999) GDNF increases the density of cells containing calbindin but not of cells containing calretinin in cultured rat and human fetal nigral tissue. Cell Transplant.8, 25–36. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Airaksinen M.S., Thoenen H., and Meyer M. (1997) Vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in calbindin-D28k- deficient mice: lack of evidence for a neuroprotective role of endogenous calbindin in MPTP-treated and weaver mice. Eur. J. Neurosci.9, 120–127. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kohr G., Lambert C.E., and Mody I. (1991) Calbindin-D28K (CaBP) levels and calcium currents in acutely dissociated epileptic neurons. Exp. Brain Res.85, 543–551. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Baimbridge K.G., Celio M.R., and Rogers J.H. (1992) Calcium-binding proteins in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci.15, 303–308. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rogers J.H. (1992) Immunohistochemical markers in rat brain: colocalization of calretinin and calbindin-D28k with tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res.587, 203–210. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
German D.C., Manaye K.F., Sonsalla P.K., and Brooks B.A. (1992) Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson’s disease and MPTP-induced parkinsonism: sparing of calbindin-D28k-containing cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.648, 42–62. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zahm D.S. (1991) Compartments in rat dorsal and ventral striatum revealed following injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral mesencephalon. Brain Res.552, 164–169. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wichmann T. and DeLong M.R. (1998) Models of basal ganglia function and pathophysiology of movement disorders. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am.9, 223–236. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ye W., Shimamura K., Rubenstein J.L., Hynes M.A., and Rosenthal A. (1998) FGF and Shh signals control dopaminergic and serotonergic cell fate in the anterior neural plate. Cell93, 755–766. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Saucedo-Cardenas O., Quintana-Hau J.D., Le W.D., Smidt M.P., Cox J.J., De Mayo F., et al. (1998) Nurr1 is essential for the induction of the dopaminergic phenotype and the survival of ventral mesencephalic late dopaminergic precursor neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95, 4013–4018. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lebel M., Gauthier Y., Moreau A., and Drouin J. (2001) Pitx3 activates mouse tyrosine hydroxylase promoter via a high-affinity binding site. J. Neurochem.77, 558–567. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Van den Munckhof P., Luk K.C., Ste-Marie L., Montgomery J., Blanchet P.J., Sadikot A.F., et al. (2003) Pitx3 is required for motor activity and for survival of a subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Development130, 2535–2542. PubMed Google Scholar
Nunes I., Tovmasian L.T., Silva R.M., Burke R.E., and Goff S.P. (2003) Pitx3 is required for development of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA100, 4245–4250. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Park M., Kitahama K., Geffard M., and Maeda T. (2000) Postnatal development of the dopaminergic neurons in the rat mesencephalon. Brain Dev.22Suppl 1, S38-S44. PubMed Google Scholar
Smidt M.P., van Schaick H.S., Lanctot C., Tremblay J.J., Cox J.J., van der Kleij A.A., et al. (1997) A homeodomain gene Ptx3 has highly restricted brain expression in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94, 13,305–13,310. CAS Google Scholar
Szeto D.P., Rodriguez-Esteban C., Ryan A.K., O’Connell S.M., Liu F., Kioussi C., et al. (1999) Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. Genes Dev.13, 484–494. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Muccielli M.L., Martinez S., Pattyn A., Goridis C., and Brunet J.F. (1996) Otlx2, an Otx-related homeobox gene expressed in the pituitary gland and in a restricted pattern in the forebrain. Mol. Cell Neurosci.8, 258–271. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Westmoreland J.J., McEwen J., Moore B.A., Jin Y., and Condie B.G. (2001) Conserved function of Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-30 and mouse Pitx2 in controlling GABAergic neuron differentiation. J. Neurosci.21, 6810–6819. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Simon H.H., Saueressig H., Wurst W., Goulding M.D., and O’Leary D.D. (2001) Fate of midbrain dopaminergic neurons controlled by the engrailed genes. J. Neurosci.21, 3126–3134. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Polymeropoulos M.H., Lavedan C., Leroy E., Ide S.E., Dehejia A., Dutra A., et al. (1997) Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease. Science276, 2045–2047. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carr D.B. and Sesack S.R. (2000) Projections from the rat prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area: target specificity in the synaptic associations with mesoaccumbens and mesocortical neurons. J. Neurosci.20, 3864–3873. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Steffensen S.C., Svingos A.L., Pickel V.M., and Henriksen S.J. (1998) Electrophysiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci.18, 8003–8015. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bonci A. and Malenka R.C. (1999) Properties and plasticity of excitatory synapses on dopaminergic and GABAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci.19, 3723–3730. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson S.W. and North R.A. (1992) Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. J. Neurosci.12, 483–488. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Szabo B., Siemes S., and Wallmichrath I. (2002) Inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area by cannabinoids. Eur. J. Neurosci.15, 2057–2061. PubMed Google Scholar
Yin R. and French E.D. (2000) A comparison of the effects of nicotine on dopamine and nondopamine neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area: an in vitro electrophysiological study. Brain Res. Bull.51, 507–514. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mansvelder H.D. and McGehee D.S. (2000) Long-term potentiation of excitatory inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine. Neuron27, 349–357. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Klink R., de Kerchove d.A., Zoli M., and Changeux J.P. (2001) Molecular and physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei. J. Neurosci.21, 1452–1463. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wooltorton J.R., Pidoplichko V.I., Broide R.S., and Dani J.A. (2003) Differential desensitization and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in midbrain dopamine areas. J. Neurosci.23, 3176–3185. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Morens D.M., Grandinetti A., Reed D., White L.R., and Ross G.W. (1995) Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson’s disease: false association or etiologic clue? Neurology45, 1041–1051. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ryan R.E., Ross S.A., Drago J., and Loiacono R.E. (2001) Dose-related neuroprotective effects of chronic nicotine in 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats, and loss of neuroprotection in alpha4 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice. Br. J. Pharmacol.132, 1650–1656. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhou F.M., Wilson C., and Dani J.A. (2003) Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms in the mesostriatal dopamine systems. Neuroscientist9, 23–36. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Steffensen S.C., Lee R.S., Stobbs S.H., and Henriksen S.J. (2001) Responses of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons to brain stimulation reward. Brain Res.906, 190–197. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kiyatkin E.A. and Rebec G.V. (2001) Impulse activity of ventral tegmental area neurons during heroin self-administration in rats. Neuroscience102, 565–580. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Niijima K. and Yoshida M. (1982) Electrophysiological evidence for branching nigral projections to pontine reticular formation, superior colliculus and thalamus. Brain Res.239, 279–282. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Evans N.A., Groarke D.A., Warrack J., Greenwood C.J., Dodgson K., Milligan G., et al. (2001) Visualizing differences in ligand-induced beta-arrestin-GFP interactions and trafficking between three recently characterized G protein-coupled receptors. J. Neurochem.77, 476–485. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blandini F., Nappi G., Tassorelli C., and Martignoni E. (2000) Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson’s disease. Prog. Neurobiol.62, 63–88. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Diaz M.R., Barroso-Chinea P., Acevedo A., and Gonzalez-Hernandez T. (2003) Effects of dopaminergic cell degeneration on electrophysiological characteristics and GAD65/GAD67 expression in the substantia nigra: Different action on GABA cell subpopulations. Mov. Disord.18, 254–266. PubMed Google Scholar
Llorens-Cortes C., Pollard H., and Schwartz J.C. (1979) Localization of opiate receptors in substantia nigra evidence by lesion studies. Neurosci. Lett.12, 165–170. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cameron D.L., Wessendorf M.W., and Williams J.T. (1997) A subset of ventral tegmental area neurons is inhibited by dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioids. Neuroscience77, 155–166. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Hernandez T., Barroso-Chinea P., Acevedo A., Salido E., and Rodriguez M. (2001) Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci.13, 57–67. PubMedCAS Google Scholar