Heterofucans from Dictyota menstrualis have anticoagulant activity (original) (raw)
Braz J Med Biol Res, February 2004, Volume 37(2) 167-171 (Short Communication)
Heterofucans from Dictyota menstrualis have anticoagulant activity
I.R.L. Albuquerque1, K.C.S. Queiroz2, L.G. Alves3, E.A. Santos2, E.L. Leite2 and H.A.O. Rocha1
Laboratórios de 1Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais and 2Glicobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
3Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Fucan is a term used to denote a family of sulfated L-fucose-rich polysaccharides which are present in the extracellular matrix of brown seaweed and in the egg jelly coat of sea urchins. Plant fucans have several biological activities, including anticoagulant and antithrombotic, related to the structural and chemical composition of polysaccharides. We have extracted sulfated polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Dictyota menstrualis by proteolytic digestion, followed by separation into 5 fractions by sequential acetone precipitation. Gel electrophoresis using 0.05 M 1,3-diaminopropane-acetate buffer, pH 9.0, stained with 0.1% toluidine blue, showed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. The chemical analyses demonstrated that all fractions are composed mainly of fucose, xylose, galactose, uronic acid, and sulfate. The anticoagulant activity of these heterofucans was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using citrate normal human plasma. Only the fucans F1.0v and F1.5v showed anticoagulant activity. To prolong the coagulation time to double the baseline value in the APTT, the required concentration of fucan F1.0v (20 µg/ml) was only 4.88-fold higher than that of the low molecular weight heparin Clexane® (4.1 µg/ml), whereas 80 µg/ml fucan 1.5 was needed to obtain the same effect. For both fucans this effect was abolished by desulfation. These polymers are composed of fucose, xylose, uronic acid, galactose, and sulfate at molar ratios of 1.0:0.8:0.7:0.8:0.4 and 1.0:0.3:0.4:1.5:1.3, respectively. This is the fist report indicating the presence of a heterofucan with higher anticoagulant activity from brown seaweed.
Key words: Fucan, Fucoidan, Anticoagulant drugs, Brown algae, Antithrombotic agents
The leading causes of death in the United States are diseases of the heart and blood vessels, with the consequent occurrence of thrombosis. The death rate due to thrombosis is almost twice the rate due to cancer, which is the second cause of death in the US (1).
An ideal anticoagulant should have the following features: effectiveness, safety and lack of serious toxicity, a mechanism of action independent of the metabolic pathway of vitamin K (metabolism independent of the cytochrome p-450 system), a wide therapeutic window, no need for monitoring, oral bioavailability (for long-term use), safety during pregnancy, low cost, and a short half-life for drugs used in the acute setting of thrombosis or a long half-life for prophylaxis (2). However, the drugs currently used as anticoagulants have various limitations, thus being far from ideal. This explains current efforts to develop specific and potent anticoagulant agents. Several compounds have been shown to be effective in ex vivo or animal thrombosis models. Among them, sulfated polysaccharides are the compounds most extensively studied.
Unfractionated heparins and low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are the only sulfated polysaccharides currently used as anticoagulants. However, heparins have several limitations such as dependence on antithrombin for their anticoagulant action, the need to monitor their effect, lack of general availability of anti-factor Xa assays, inability to bind to and inactivate cell membrane- and clot-bound thrombin and platelet-bound factor Xa, potential development of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, osteoporotic effect of long-term use, dose-dependent clearance and lack of a linear dose-response curve, and lack of oral bioavailability. LMWH have significantly improved heparin management since monitoring is not needed in most patients and the dose response is predictable. They also cause less osteoporosis than unfractionated heparins and involve a reduced risk of inducing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. However, several of the above limitations of heparin continue to limit its usefulness. However, in the last decade there was a tremendous increase in the sales of LMWH, reaching 2.5 billion dollars in 1999 compared to 150 million dollars for unfractionated heparins (1).
The various limitations of heparin and LMWH have led to the development of other sulfated polysaccharides that are more effective, safer, and easier to use anticoagulants for the short-term treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolic disorders and for the long-term prevention of recurrences. These agents are fucan, pentosan sulfate (3), galactan, fucosylated chondroitin (4), heparan sulfate from different sources, and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans from invertebrates (1). Among them, fucans are the sulfated polysaccharides from vegetal source most extensively studied as anticoagulant compounds (5).
Fucan is a term used to denote a family of sulfated L-fucose-rich polysaccharides with extremely variable molecular weights. They are extracted mainly from the extracellular matrix of brown seaweed (6) and from the egg jelly coat of sea urchin (7).
Since the first description of the fucans isolated from algae, these polysaccharides have been widely tested for biological activities in different mammalian systems. Plant fucans have antiviral (8), anti-adhesion (9), anticoagulant (10), and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as antiproliferative and antitumoral properties (5). The structures of these fucans vary among species and sometimes among different parts of seaweed (11). Furthermore, in contrast to animal fucans, algal fucans contain portions of other neutral sugars and uronic acids in addition to sulfate and fucose. Therefore, each new fucan purified is a new compound with unique structural features, thus representing a potential novel drug.
The structural characteristics of fucans necessary for all of the biological activities cited above have not been determined; consequently, the relationships between structure and biological activities have not been clearly established. Most of the difficulties for these studies arise from the fact that these compounds are highly heterogeneous with complex NMR spectra with broad signals that hamper resolution (12). In fact, even high-field NMR is of limited value for these plant polysaccharides, and complete descriptions of their structures are not available at present. However, meaningful structural studies with NMR are possible with relatively low molecular weight fucans (LMWFs) prepared by several methods such as acid hydrolysis of high molecular weight fucans (10) or extracted from brown seaweed (13). The extraction of LMWFs from brown seaweed would be very important to determine the structure/biological activity relationships of fucans.
We extracted LMWFs from the brown seaweed Dictyota menstrualis. Briefly, the alga was dried and 50 g of dried powder was suspended with 5 volumes of 0.25 M NaCl and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8.0 with NaOH. Ten milligrams of maxatase, an alkaline protease from Esporobacillus (BioBras, MG, Brasil), was then added to the mixture for proteolytic digestion. After a 24-h incubation at 60ºC with agitation the mixture was filtered through cheesecloth. The fractionation of the filtrate by precipitation with acetone was as follows: a 0.5 volume of ice-cold acetone was added to the solution which was kept at 4ºC, under gentle shaking, and the solution was left to stand at the same temperature for an additional 24 h. The precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min, dried under vacuum, resuspended in distilled water, and analyzed. Acetone, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 volumes calculated from the initial solution, was added to the supernatant and the operations were repeated as described above. With this procedure, we obtained five fractions named fractions F0.5v, F1.0v, F1.5v, F2.0v and F3.0, respectively. For fucan visualization, the fractions were submitted to agarose gel electrophoresis in 0.05 M 1,3-diaminopropane-acetate buffer, pH 9.0 (11) and the gel was dried and stained for 15 min with 0.1% toluidine blue in acetic acid/ethanol/water (0.1:5:4.9, v/v). The gel was then destained with the same solvent.
The electrophoretic profiles showed the presence of a polydisperse component in fraction F1.0v, while the other fractions showed a single band each (Figure 1). Table 1 shows the molecular weight of the fraction components, determined by HPLC in 0.2 M NaCl, 0.5% ethanol, using a GF-250 column (Asahipak GF series, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Yakoo, Japan). The column was calibrated with standard glycosaminoglycans.
Heterofucans from Dictyota menstrualis have anticoagulant activity_._ I.R.L. Albuquerque, K.C.S. Queiroz, L.G. Alves, E.A. Santos, E.L. Leite and H.A.O. Rocha. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 37 (2): 167, 2004.
The sugar composition of the polymers was determined by paper chromatography and by gas-liquid chromatography of alditol acetate as derivative (13). The polymers are composed mainly of fucose, galactose, xylose, and uronic acid (Table 1) and are composed of heterofucans with a significant proportion of non-fucose sugar components. These heterofucans have been described since 1950 (6) and in some cases galactose was reported to be a major component (14,15). Because they have not been frequently described, we decided to analyze the anticoagulant activity of these LMWFs from D. menstrualis.
Several homofucans showing anticoagulant activity have been extracted from different brown seaweeds (3). However, there are only few reports on the anticoagulation mechanism of homofucans. In general, the proposed mechanism of action is a predominantly direct one on antithrombin (thrombin-fibrinogen complex) and on heparin co-factor II-mediated antithrombin activities, with a minor involvement of antithrombin III. Their anticoagulant activities depend on their sulfate content and molecular weight (10,11,16,17). On the other hand, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data about the mechanism of action of heterofucans.
In our case, only fractions F1.0v and F1.5v obtained from D. menstrualis showed anticoagulant activity (Table 1). Interestingly, F1.0v was a more potent anticoagulant than F1.5v in spite of being less sulfated. Therefore, the increased anticoagulant activity of F1.0v is unlike to be merely a charge density effect. These fucans were desulfated by solvolysis in dimethylsulfoxide as previously described (6) and both heterofucans lost their anticoagulant activity after desulfation (Table 1).
The anticoagulant activity was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). This assay was carried out according to the manufacturer specification (Labtest, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) as previously described (4). Briefly, citrate normal human plasma (90 µl) was mixed with 10 µl solution of F1.0v or F1.5v at different concentrations and incubated for 1 min at 37ºC. Then, APTT assay reagent (100 µl) was added to the mixture and incubated for 6 min at 37ºC. Thereafter, 20 mM CaCl2 (100 µl) was added and the clotting time was recorded. The time of control (without fucans) was 36.4 s. To prolong the coagulation time to double the baseline value in the APTT, the required concentration of LMWF F1.0v (20 µg/ml) was 4.88-fold higher than that of the LMWH Clexane® (4.1 µg/ml). This was an interesting result, since Millet et al. (18) have shown that a higher concentration (>50 µg/ml) of an LMW homofucan was required for an equivalent prolongation of the APTT.
Heterofucans with similar chemical composition of F1.0v and F1.5v isolated from brown algae Spatoglossum schröederi (13) and Sargassum stenophyllum (15), have shown very low anticoagulant activity, suggesting that the anticoagulant heterofucans from D. menstrualis have distinct structural features.
Figure 1.
Diaminopropane acetate electrophoresis of the heterofucan fractions. Five-milliliter aliquots of the fractions shown were applied to agarose gel (7.5 x 10 cm, 0.2-cm thick) prepared in 0.05 M 1,3-diaminopropane-acetate buffer, pH 9.0, and subjected to electrophoresis at 110 V/cm for 60 min. The gels were then maintained in 0.1% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for 4 h and dried, and the polysaccharides were stained with 0.1% toluidine blue in a solution containing 50% ethanol and 1% acid acetic in water for 15 min. The gels were then destained with the same solution without toluidine blue. P, 10 µg each of heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and chondroitin sulfate (CS). F0.5v, F1.0v, F1.5v, F2.0v, F3.0v = fucans precipitated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 acetone volumes. OR = origin.
Address for correspondence: H.A.O. Rocha, Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRN, Campus Universitário, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brasil. Fax: +55-84-211-9208. E-mail: hugo-alexandre@uol.com.br
Presented at the XVIII Annual Meeting of the Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, August 27-30, 2003. Research supported by CAPES and CNPq. Publication supported by FAPESP. Received April 25, 2003. Accepted October 24, 2003.