Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky T. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003 16: 658–72 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bjorksten B, Sepp E, Julge K. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 (4): 516–20 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bongaerts GPA, Severijnen RSVM. Preventive and curative effects of probiotics in atopic patients. Med Hypotheses 2005 64: 1089–92 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Kankaanpaa P. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 73: 444–50 Google Scholar
Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 99 (2): 179–85 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003 36: 223–7 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas Y. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30 (11): 1604–10 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weston S, Halbert A, Richmond P. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2005 Sep; 90 (9): 892–7 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Viljanen M, Savilahti E, Haahtela T. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy 2005 60 (4): 494–500 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Nielsen SD. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 111: 389–95 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sistek D, Kelly R, Wickens K. Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36 (5): 629–33 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brouwer ML, Wolt-Plompen SA, Dubois AE. No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 Jul; 36 (7): 899–906 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Folster-Holst R, Muller F, Schnopp N. Prospective, randomised controlled trial on Lactobacillus rhamnosus in infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2006 155: 1256–61 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, Korpela R. Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 114: 131–6 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, Hale J. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon-gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 Dec; 35 (12): 1557–64 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Viljanen M, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T. Probiotic effects on faecal inflammatory markers and on faecal IgA in food allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005 16: 65–71 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Valerius NH. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr 2004 145: 612–6 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kankaanpaa PE, Yang B, Kallio HP. Influence of probiotic supplemented infant formula on composition of plasma lipids in atopic infants. J Nutr Biochem 2002 13 (6): 364–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rautava S, Kalliomaki M, Isolauri E. Probiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002 109 (1): 119–21 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001 357 (9262): 1076–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 119: 192–8 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Taylor A, Dunstan J, Prescott S. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitisation in high-risk children: a randomised controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 119: 184–91 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Viljanen M, Pohjavuori E, Haahtela T. Induction of inflammation as a possible mechanism of probiotic effect in atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115 (6): 1254–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1980 92: 44–7 Google Scholar
Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC. The U. K Working Party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: III Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 1994 131: 406–16 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Williams HC. Two positive studies of probiotics for atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2006 142: 1201–3 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kawamoto N, Kaneko H, Takemura M. Age-related changes in intracellular cytokine profiles and Th2 dominance in allergic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006 17 (2): 125–33 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kallstrom E, Roscher I, Andreasson A. Decreased frequency of intracellular IFN-gamma producing T cells in whole blood preparations from patients with atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2002 11 (6): 556–63 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tang M, Kemp A, Varigos G. IL-4 and interferon-gamma production in children with atopic disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1993 92 (1): 120–4 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dunstan JA, Hale J, Breckler L. Atopic dermatitis in young children is associated with impaired interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma responses to allergens, vaccines and colonizing skin and gut bacteria. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 35 (10): 1309–17 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Machura E, Mazur B, Kwiecien J. Intracellular production of IL-2, IL-4, IFN- gamma, and TNF-alpha by peripheral blood CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in children with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pediatr 2007 166 (8): 789–95 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sutas Y, Soppi E, Korhonen H. Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus casei GG-derived enzymes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996 98 (1): 216–24 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sutas Y, Hurme M, Isolauri E. Down-regulation of anti-CD3 antibody-induced IL-4 production by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes. Scand J Immunol 1996 43 (6): 687–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miettinen M, Vuopio-Varkila J, Varkila K. Production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria. Infect Immun 1996 64: 5403–5 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Poulsen LK, Bindslev-Jensen C, Diamant M. Biomolecular regulation of the IgE immune response: III. Cytokine profiles in atopic dermatitis, inhalant allergy and non-allergic donors Cytokine 1996 8 (8): 651–7 CAS Google Scholar
Takahashi T, Sasaki Y, Hama K. Production of IL-4, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 1992 3 (3): 172–80 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Antunez C, Torres MJ, Mayorga C. Different cytokine production and activation marker profiles in circulating cutaneous-lymphocyte-associated anti- gen T cells from patients with acute or chronic atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 (4): 559–66 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reinhold U, Pawelec G, Wehrmann W. Cytokine release from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1989 69 (6): 497–502 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seneviratne SL, Jones L, Bailey AS. Severe atopic dermatitis is associated with a reduced frequency of IL-10 producing allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006 31 (5): 689–94 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pellegrino M, Minervini B, Musto P. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta: two possible mediators of allergic inflammation. Minerva Pediatr 1996 48 (7-8): 309–12 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sumimoto S, Kawai M, Kasajima Y. Increased plasma tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentration in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Child 1992 67 (3): 277–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
de Vries IJ, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, van Reijsen FC. Adhesion molecule expression on skin endothelia in atopic dermatitis: effects of TNF-alpha and IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 102 (3): 461–8 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Noso N, Sticherling M, Bartels J. Identification of an N-terminally truncated form of the chemokine RANTES and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimu- lating factor as major eosinophil attractants released by cytokine-stimulated dermal fibroblasts. J Immunol 1996 156 (5): 1946–53 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yamada H, Matsukura M, Yudate T. Enhanced production of RANTES, an eosinophil chemoattractant factor, by cytokine-stimulated epidermal keratinocytes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997 114 Suppl. 1: 28–32 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Angelova-Fischer I, Hipler UC, Bauer A. Significance of interleukin-16, macrophage-derived chemokine, eosinophil cationic protein and soluble E- selectin in reflecting disease activity of atopic dermatitis: from laboratory parameters to clinical scores. Br J Dermatol 2006 154 (6): 1112–7 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pucci N, Lombardi E, Novembre E. Urinary eosinophil protein X and serum eosinophil cationic protein in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis: correlation with disease activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 105 (2Pt1): 353–7 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gebhardt M, Wenzel HC, Hipler UC. Monitoring of serologic immune parameters in inflammatory skin diseases. Allergy 1997 52 (11): 1087–94 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miyasato M, Tsuda S, Nakama T. Serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein reflect the state of in vitro degranulation of blood hypodense eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 1996 23 (6): 382–8 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nakama T. Relationships between eosinophil-associated parameters and disease severity in atopic dermatitis. Kurume Med J 1995 42 (2): 95–106 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kristjansson S, Shimizu T, Strannegard IL. Eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase and tryptase in children with asthma and atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1994 5 (4): 223–9 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Czech W, Krutmann J, Schopf E. Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a sensitive measure for disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1992 126 (4): 351–5 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sugai T, Sakiyama Y, Matumoto S. Eosinophil cationic protein in peripheral blood of pediatric patients with allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 1992 22 (2): 275–81 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paganelli R, Fanales-Belasio E, Carmini D. Serum eosinophil cationic protein in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991 96 (2): 175–8 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Majamaa H, Laine S, Miettinen A. Eosinophil protein X and eosinophil cationic protein as indicators of intestinal inflammation in infants with atopic eczema and food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1999 29 (11): 1502–6 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsuda S, Kato K, Miyasato M. Eosinophil involvement in atopic dermatitis as reflected by elevated serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein. J Dermatol 1992 19 (4): 208–13 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Slobodna MS, Jasna L, Vesna Z. Serum eosinophil cationic protein in children with atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2006 45 (10): 1156–60 Article Google Scholar
Wolkerstorfer A, Laan MP, Savelkoul HF. Soluble E-selectin, other markers of inflammation and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1998 138 (3): 431–5 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Arkwright PD, Chase JM, Babbage S. Atopic dermatitis is associated with a low-producer transforming growth factor beta(1) cytokine genotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 (2): 281–4 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee HJ, Lee HP, Ha SJ. Spontaneous expression of mRNA for IL-10, GMCSF, TGF-beta, TGF-alpha, and IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000 84 (5): 553–8 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laiho K, Lampi AM, Hamalainen M. Breast milk fatty acids, eicosanoids, and cytokines in mothers with and without allergic disease. Pediatr Res 2003 53 (4): 642–7 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar