Sports Betting Among Students of Colleges of Education in the Ashanti Region of Ghana (original) (raw)

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

• Abstract

Sports betting has recently become prevalent among students in institution of higher learning. Most students spend substantial amount of their time engaging in sports betting. The purpose of the study was to examine sports betting among students at colleges of education in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The target population was students in colleges of education in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The simple random sampling procedure was employed to select 361 students for the study. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for the questionnaire was 0.73. Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were used to analyse data to answer three research questions that guided the study. The results showed that students patronised IXBet, EaziBet, EuroBet, SoccerCash [NLA] and Safari. It was found that, to a great extent, students agreed that their involvement in sports betting was low. Students reported that they engaged in sports betting to win cash and for entertainment. It was concluded that sports betting appeared more attractive to students since they offered free bonuses for placing bets. It was recommended that Guidance and Counselling Units on Colleges of Education campuses organise programmes to educate students on the types of sports betting available in the market and what they truly seek to offer clients. The Government and Conference of Principals of Colleges of Education (PRINCOF) should develop socially responsible regulations and statutes on sports betting that have the potential of discouraging students’ involvement in the practice.

References

1. Griffiths, MD. The cognitive psychology of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies. 1990;6(1):31-42.
   Google Scholar 1
2. Lesieur, H. R., Cross, J., Frank, M., Welch, M., White, C.M., Rubenstein, G., Moseley, K., & Mark, M. Gambling and pathological gambling among university students. Addictive Behaviors, 1991; 16, 517-527.
   Google Scholar 2
3. Russell AMT, Hing N, & Browne M. Risk factors for gambling problems specifically associated with sports betting. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2019. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09848-x.
   Google Scholar 3
4. Masaba AK, Sekakubo J, Blaszczynski A, & Kuka WF. The social-economic impact of sports betting on Ugandan Youths. Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Science. 2016;5(1):20-26.
   Google Scholar 4
5. Mao LL, Zhang JJ, Wu Y, Anmin Li, & Chen J. Dimensions of problem gambling behaviour associated with purchasing sports lottery. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2012;28: 47–68. doi: 10.1007/s10899-011-92410.1136/bmj.a27523-3. www.aessweb.com/pdf-files/aefr-2015-5(8)-973-987.pdf.
   Google Scholar 5
6. Kamara J. Africa report on sports betting. 2016. Retrieved from: https://home.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/gi/pdf/John-Kamara.pdf.
   Google Scholar 6
7. Adiasany E. Sports betting – the new gambling addiction robbing ghanaian men of their savings. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/sports-betting-the-new-gambling-addiction-robbing-ghanaian-men-oftheirsavings/6x4phsp.
   Google Scholar 7
8. Tagoe VNK, Yendork JS, & Asante KO. Gambling among youth in contemporary Ghana: Understanding, initiation, and perceived benefits. Africa Today. 2016; 64: 53–69. doi:10.2979/africatoday.64.3.03.
   Google Scholar 8
9. Hing N, Russell AM, Thomas A, & Jenkinson R. Wagering advertisements and inducements: Exposure and perceived influence on betting behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2019;1:1-19.
   Google Scholar 9
10. Sedzro A. How sports betting is booming in Ghana. Retrieved from (Young Gamers and Gamblers Education Trust Full Insight Report) London, Covent Garden. 2013.
    Google Scholar 10
11. Sports betting destroying Ghana’s youth. The daily searchlight. 2019. Retrieved from:
    Google Scholar 11
12. http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201901/373726.php
    Google Scholar 12
13. Betting in Nigeria, by the numbers. Answersafrica. 2019. Retrieved from: https://answersafrica.com/betting-nigeria-numbers.html.
    Google Scholar 13
14. Humphreys BR, & Perez L. Who bets on sports? Characteristics of sports bettors and the consequences of expanding sports betting opportunities. Estudios De Economía Aplicada. 2012; 30: 579–598.
    Google Scholar 14
15. Effah E. Four ways sports betting is changing lives of the unemployed youth in Ghana. 2018. Retrieved from:https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/gambling-4-ways-sports-betting-is-changing-lives-of-the-unemployed-youth-in-ghana/241c3pl.
    Google Scholar 15
16. Glozah, F. N., Tolchard, B., & Pevalin, D. J. Participation and attitudes towards gambling in Ghanaian youth: an exploratory analysis of risk and protective factors. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0175.
    Google Scholar 16
17. Boatri B. Sports betting in Ghana; a looming danger. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Sports-betting-in-Ghana-a-looming-danger-751024#.
    Google Scholar 17
18. Ofosu A, Kotey RA. Does sports betting affect investment behaviour? Evidence from Ghanaian Sports Betting Participants. Journal of Gambling Issues. 2020;43.
    Google Scholar 18
19. Koross R. University students gambling: Examining the effects of betting on Kenyan university students’ behaviour. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science. 2016;4 (8):57-66.
    Google Scholar 19
20. Alhassan I. Sports betting and gambling banned in ghanaian university. 2019. Retrieved from: https://africafeeds.com/2019/05/05/sports-betting-and-gambling-banned-in-ghanaian-university.
    Google Scholar 20
21. Latvala T, Castr´en S, Alho H, & Salonen A. Compulsory school achievement and gambling among men and women aged 18–29 in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2017;46(5):505–513. doi:10.1177/1403494817726621.
    Google Scholar 21
22. Flack M & Morris M. The temporal stability and predictive ability of the gambling outcome expectancies. Scale (GOES): A prospective study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 2016;32(3):923-933.
    Google Scholar 22
23. Ray R. How sports betting works – a guide to understanding sports betting. 2017. Retrieved from: www.gamblingsites.com/blog/how-sports-betting-works-35875\.
    Google Scholar 23
24. Martinez B. The theory of probability in sports betting explained. 2017. Retrieved from: https://fairbetquery.com/theory-probability-sports-betting.
    Google Scholar 24
25. Herskowitz SR. Three applied economic studies on issues facing african youth. 2017.(Unpublished doctorate dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
    Google Scholar 25
26. American Gaming Association. (2003). The American Gaming Association code of conduct for responsible gaming. Retrieved from http://www.americangaming.org/programs/responsiblegaming/code_public.cfm.
    Google Scholar 26
27. Decker, W., & Thuillier, J. P. 2004. Le sport dans l’antiquité. Picard.
    Google Scholar 27
28. Milton J. History of sports betting. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.bigonsports.com/history-of-sports-betting.
    Google Scholar 28
29. Charpentier A. A brief history of sports betting. 2019. Retrieved from: https://freakonometrics.hypotheses.org/58041.
    Google Scholar 29
30. Mok WP. Age differences in gambling behaviour. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, Iowa State University, Capstones. 1990. Retrieved from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16820.
    Google Scholar 30
31. Aflakpui AA. The demand for sports lottery in Ghana. A case study of the Kumasi metropolis. (Masters’ Thesis, University of Science and Technology). 2016. Retrieved from: https://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/9384.
    Google Scholar 31
32. List of all betting sites in Ghana. 2020; July. Retrieved from: http://ghanagambling.com/list-of-all-betting-sites-in-ghana
    Google Scholar 32
33. Shin SH & Montalto CP. The role of impulsivity, cognitive bias, and reasoned action in understanding college student gambling. Consumer Interests Annual. 2013;59. Retrieved from: https://www.consumerinterests.org/assets/docs.
    Google Scholar 33
34. Kalat JW. Introduction to psychology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth Corporation. 2008.
    Google Scholar 34
35. McLeod, S. 2018. Vygotsky | Simply Psychology. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html.
    Google Scholar 35
36. Griffiths M & Delfabbro P. The biopsychosocial approach to gambling: Contextual factors in research and clinical interventions. Journal of Gambling Issues. 2001. DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2001.5.1. Retrieved from:
    Google Scholar 36
37. http://jgi.camh.net/index.php/jgi/article/view/3589/3549.
    Google Scholar 37
38. Ramnerö J, Molander O, Lindner P, & Carlbring P. What can be learned about gambling from a learning perspective? A narrative review. Nordic Psychology. 2019;7(4):303-322.
    Google Scholar 38
39. Tavares H, Zilberman M L & El-Guebaly N. Are there cognitive and behavioural approaches specific to the treatment of pathological gambling? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2003;48(1):22–27. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/.
    Google Scholar 39
40. McConaghy N, Armstrong MS, Blaszczynski A & Allcock C. Behaviour completion versus stimulus control in compulsive gambling implications for behavioural assessment. Behavior Modification. 1988;12(3):371–384.
    Google Scholar 40
41. Kabiri S, Shadmanfaat SM, Hayden S, & Cochran JK. Aggression in soccer fan’s: a test of akers’ social learning theory, Deviant Behavior. 2020. Doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1763119.
    Google Scholar 41
42. Monaghan SM & Derevensky J. An appraisal of the impact of the depiction of gambling in society on youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2008;6(4):537-550, doi.org/10.1007/s11469-008-9155-3.
    Google Scholar 42
43. Gillespie, L. D., et al. 2012. Interventions for Preventing Falls in Older People Living in the Community. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester.
    Google Scholar 43
44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3.
    Google Scholar 44
45. Nti K, & Gyimah AB. Too many betting companies? 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.todaygh.com/craze-cheap-money-betting-killing-youth-businesses/.
    Google Scholar 45
46. Online Betting Companies in Ghana. 2020, July. Retrieved from http://venturesafrica.com/category/business/https://answersafrica.com/betting-nigeria-numbers.html, https://www.bettingcompaniesinghana.com.
    Google Scholar 46
47. Best Betting sites in Ghana. 2018. Retrieved from: https://ghanagambling.com/list-of-all-betting-sites-in-Ghana.
    Google Scholar 47
48. Volberg R, Gupta R, Griffiths MD, Olason D, & Delfabbro P. Understanding of problem gambling: The lifestyle consumption community of sports betting. Journal of Business Research, 2010;68(10):2164–2172.
    Google Scholar 48
49. Griffiths MD, & Parke J. Adolescent gambling on the internet: A review. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 2010;22:59–75.
    Google Scholar 49
50. Aricak OT. Problematic Online Betting Among Turkish Adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2018;35:31-45.
    Google Scholar 50
51. Okoti D, Ogula PA, & Munyu JK. Extent Of Students’ Involvement In Sports Betting In Public Secondary Schools In Mumias East Sub-County, Kenya, British Journal of Education. 2019;7(9):75-88.
    Google Scholar 51
52. Elton-Marshall T, Leatherdale ST, & Turner NE. An examination of internet and land-based gambling among adolescents in three Canadian Provinces: Results from the Youth Gambling Survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):277. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2933.
    Google Scholar 52
53. Ellenbogen S, Jacobs D, Derevensky J, Gupta R & Paskus T. Gambling behaviour among college student-Athletes'. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2008;20(3):349-362.
    Google Scholar 53
54. Ligami C. Students turn to sports betting to meet campus costs. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.p.h.p?
    Google Scholar 54
55. Derevensky JL & Gupta R. Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: A comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2000;16:227-251.
    Google Scholar 55
56. Neighbors C & Lostutter TW. Measuring Gambling Outcomes Among College Students, Journal of Gambling Studies. 2002;18(4):339-360. doi: 10.1023/A:1021013132430.
    Google Scholar 56
57. Keovisai M & Wooksoo K. “It’s not officially gambling”: Gambling perceptions and behaviours among older Chinese Immigrants. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2019. doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09841-4.
    Google Scholar 57
58. Gordon R, Gurrieri L & Chapman M. Broadening an international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2015;22:3–38.
    Google Scholar 58
59. Rodriguez L, Neighbors C, Rinker D & Tackett J. Motivational profiles of gambling behaviour: Self-determination theory, gambling motives, and gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies. 2015;31(4):1597-1615.
    Google Scholar 59
60. Wojcik M, & Hodge S. How gaming and gambling affect student life (Young Gamers and Gamblers Education Trust Full Insight Report) London, Covent Garden. 2019.
    Google Scholar 60
61. Sarantakos, S. 2005. Social research. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    Google Scholar 61
62. Babbie, E. 2001. The practice of social research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
    Google Scholar 62
63. Griffiths, M. D. 1990. The acquisition, development and maintenance of fruit machine gambling in adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, Vol. 6, 193-204.
    Google Scholar 63