LUH1: Harmonized Global Land Use for Years 1500-2100, V1 | NASA Earthdata (original) (raw)
Description
These data represent fractional land use and land cover patterns annually for the years 1500 - 2100 for the globe at 0.5-degree (~50-km) spatial resolution. Land use categories of cropland, pasture, primary land, secondary (recovering) land, and urban land, and underlying annual land-use transitions, are included. Annual data on age and biomass density of secondary land, as well as annual wood harvest, are included for each grid cell.
Historical land cover data for the years 1500 - 2005 are based on HYDE 3.1 and future land cover projections for the period 2006 - 2100 came from four Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) scenarios which reach different levels of radiative forcing by year 2100: MESSAGE (8.5 W/m2), AIM (6 W/m2), GCAM (4.5 W/m2), and IMAGE (2.6 W/m2).
A key feature of these data is that historical reconstructions of land use were harmonized (computationally adjusted to minimize differences at the transition period) with modeled future scenarios, allowing for a seamless examination of historical and future land use. The output data present a single consistent, spatially gridded set of land-use change scenarios for studies of human impacts on the past, present, and future Earth system. For additional information about the algorithms, inputs, and options used in creating the land use transitions data, please refer to Hurtt et al. (2006) and Hurtt et al. (2011).
Data are presented as a series of twenty (20) different data products representing different past and future model scenarios. There are a total of 560 NetCDF v4 files (*.nc4), one for each combination of data product and land use variable.
Citation
Citation is critically important for dataset documentation and discovery. This dataset is openly shared, without restriction, in accordance with the EOSDIS Data Use and Citation Guidance.
Copy Citation
Select a Citation Style:
Chini, L. P., Hurtt, G. C., & Frolking, S. (2014). LUH1: Harmonized Global Land Use for Years 1500-2100, V1 (Version 1). ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1248 Date Accessed: 2026-06-12
Chini, L.P., G.C. Hurtt, and S. Frolking. “LUH1: Harmonized Global Land Use for Years 1500-2100, V1.” ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, January 1, 2014. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1248. Date Accessed: 2026-06-12
Chini, L. P., et al. LUH1: Harmonized Global Land Use for Years 1500-2100, V1. 1, ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, 1 Jan. 2014, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1248. Date Accessed: 2026-06-12
Documents
USER'S GUIDE
GENERAL DOCUMENTATION
Publications Citing This Dataset
| Title | Year Sort ascending | Topic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Association Between Observed Climate Change and Cardiovascular Disease in the United States | 2026 | Yeager, R., Tuholske, C., Browning, M. H. E. M., Mattingly, C., Olmsted, S., Ossola, A., Locke, D. H. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Climate Change Impact on Human-Rodent Interfaces: Modeling Junin Virus Reservoir Shifts | 2025 | Flores-Perez, Nuri, Kulkarni, Pranav, Uhart, Marcela, Pandit, Pranav S. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Unveiling Divergent Trends in Soil Erosion and Soil Organic Carbon Displacement in Response to Climate and Land-Use Changes over China | 2025 | Weng, Xuerou, Zhang, Haicheng, Zhu, Jinxin, Wang, Dagang, Wang, Shuo, Mei, Yiwen, Luo, Ming | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Quantitative evaluation of the global impacts of human land modification on raptors | 2024 | Zhang, Taxing, Xu, Yu, Ran, Jianghong | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Assessing Land Use and Climate Change Impacts on Soil Erosion Caused by Water in China | 2023 | Weng, Xuerou, Zhang, Boen, Zhu, Jinxin, Wang, Dagang, Qiu, Jianxiu | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Impact of land cover changes on LongTerm RegionalScale groundwater recharge simulation in cold and humid climates | 2023 | Dubois, Emmanuel, Larocque, Marie, Brunner, Philip | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Land-use change emissions based on high-resolution activity data | 2022 | Ganzenmuller, R, Bultan, S, Winkler, K, Fuchs, R, Zabel, F, Pongratz, J | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Estimating the lateral transfer of organic carbon through the European river network using a land surface model | 2022 | Zhang, Haicheng, Lauerwald, Ronny, Regnier, Pierre, Ciais, Philippe, Van Oost, Kristof, Naipal, Victoria, Guenet, Bertrand, Yuan, Wenping | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Heuristics and Agricultural Production Modeling | 2022 | Vuppalapati, Chandrasekar | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Global changes alter the amount and composition of land carbon deliveries to European rivers and seas | 2022 | Zhang, Haicheng, Lauerwald, Ronny, Ciais, Philippe, Van Oost, Kristof, Guenet, Bertrand, Regnier, Pierre | Carbon, Cation Exchange Capacity, Organic Matter, Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Human expansion into Asian highlands in the 21st Century and its effects | 2022 | Yang, Chao, Liu, Huizeng, Li, Qingquan, Wang, Xuqing, Ma, Wei, Liu, Cuiling, Fang, Xu, Tang, Yuzhi, Shi, Tiezhu, Wang, Qibiao, Xu, Yue, Zhang, Jie, Li, Xuecao, Xu, Gang, Chen, Junyi, Su, Mo, Wang, Shuying, Wu, Jinjing, Huang, Leping, Li, Xue, Wu, Guofeng | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Quantifying the benefits of reducing synthetic nitrogen application policy on ecosystem carbon sequestration and biodiversity | 2022 | Devaraju, N., Prudhomme, Remi, Lungarska, Anna, Wang, Xuhui, Yin, Zun, de Noblet-Ducoudre, Nathalie, Chakir, Raja, Jayet, Pierre-Alain, Brunelle, Thierry, Viovy, Nicolas, De Palma, Adriana, Gonzalez, Ricardo, Ciais, Philippe | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Bookkeeping estimates of the net land-use change fluxa sensitivity study with the CMIP6 land-use dataset | 2021 | Hartung, Kerstin, Bastos, Ana, Chini, Louise, Ganzenmuller, Raphael, Havermann, Felix, Hurtt, George C., Loughran, Tammas, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nutzel, Tobias, Obermeier, Wolfgang A., Pongratz, Julia | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Climate and socio-economic factors explain differences between observed and expected naturalization patterns of European plants around the world | 2021 | Pouteau, Robin, Thuiller, Wilfried, Hobohm, Carsten, Brunel, Caroline, Conn, Barry J., Dawson, Wayne, de Sa Dechoum, Michele, Ebel, Aleksandr L., Essl, Franz, FragmanSapir, Ori, Fristoe, Trevor, Jogan, Nejc, Kreft, Holger, Lenzner, Bernd, Meyer, Carsten, Pergl, Jan, Pysek, Petr, Verkhozina, Alla, Weigelt, Patrick, Yang, Qiang, Zykova, Elena, Acic, Svetlana, Agrillo, Emiliano, Attorre, Fabio, Bergamini, Ariel, Berg, Christian, Bergmeier, Erwin, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, BottaDukat, Zoltan, Bruelheide, Helge, Campos, Juan Antonio, Carni, Andraz, Casella, Laura, Carranza, Maria Laura, Chytry, Milan, Custerevska, Renata, De Sanctis, Michele, Dengler, Jurgen, Dimopoulos, Panayotis, Ejrns, Rasmus, Ewald, Jorg, Fanelli, Giuliano, FernandezGonzalez, Federico, Gavilan, Rosario G., Gegout, JeanClaude, Haveman, Rense, Isermann, Maike, Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, JimenezAlfaro, Borja, Kavgac, Ali, Khanina, Larisa, Knollova, Ilona, Kuzemko, Anna, Lebedeva, Maria, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lysenko, Tatiana, Marceno, Corrado, Martynenko, Vasiliy, Moeslund, Jesper Erenskjold, Patsch, Ricarda, Pielech, Remigiusz, Rasomavicius, Valerijus, de Ronde, Iris, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Shirokikh, Pavel, Sibik, Jozef, Silc, Urban, Stanisci, Angela, Stancic, Zvjezdana, Svenning, JensChristian, Swacha, Grzegorz, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Valachovic, Milan, Vassilev, Kiril, Yamalov, Sergey, van Kleunen, Mark | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Implementation of a watershed modelling framework to support adaptive management in the Canadian side of the Lake Erie basin | 2021 | Neumann, Alex, Saber, Ali, Arnillas, Carlos Alberto, Shimoda, Yuko, Yang, Cindy, Javed, Aisha, Zamaria, Sophia, Kaltenecker, Georgina, Blukacz-Richards, Agnes, Rao, Yerubandi R., Feisthauer, Natalie, Crolla, Anna, Arhonditsis, George B. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Data construction and spatiotemporal trend attribution of runoff over the African continent (19812016) | 2021 | Karamage, Fidele, Liu, Yongwei, Liu, Yuanbo | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Global uptake of atmospheric methane by soil from 1900 to 2100 | 2021 | MurguiaFlores, Fabiola, Ganesan, Anita L., Arndt, Sandra, Hornibrook, Edward R. C. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Potential alien ranges of European plants will shrink in the future, but less so for already naturalized than for not yet naturalized species | 2021 | Pouteau, Robin, Biurrun, Idoia, Brunel, Caroline, Chytry, Milan, Dawson, Wayne, Essl, Franz, Fristoe, Trevor, Haveman, Rense, Hobohm, Carsten, Jansen, Florian, Kreft, Holger, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lenzner, Bernd, Meyer, Carsten, Moeslund, Jesper Erenskjold, Pergl, Jan, Pysek, Petr, Svenning, JensChristian, Thuiller, Wilfried, Weigelt, Patrick, Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Yang, Qiang, van Kleunen, Mark | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Predicting range shifts of African apes under global change scenarios | 2021 | Carvalho, Joana S., Graham, Bruce, Bocksberger, Galle, Maisels, Fiona, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Wich, Serge, Sop, Tenekwetche, Amarasekaran, Bala, Barca, Benjamin, Barrie, Abdulai, Bergl, Richard A., Boesch, Christophe, Boesch, Hedwige, Brncic, Terry M., Buys, Bartelijntje, Chancellor, Rebecca, Danquah, Emmanuel, Doumbe, Osiris A., LeDuc, Stephane Y., GalatLuong, Anh, Ganas, Jessica, Gatti, Sylvain, Ghiurghi, Andrea, Goedmakers, Annemarie, Granier, Nicolas, Hakizimana, Dismas, Haurez, Barbara, Head, Josephine, Herbinger, Ilka, Hillers, Annika, Jones, Sorrel, Junker, Jessica, Maputla, Nakedi, Manasseh, EnoNku, McCarthy, Maureen S., MolokwuOdozi, Mary, Morgan, Bethan J., Nakashima, Yoshihiro, NGoran, Paul K., Nixon, Stuart, Nkembi, Louis, Normand, Emmanuelle, Nzooh, Laurent D.Z., Olson, Sarah H., Payne, Leon, Petre, CharlesAlbert, Piel, Alex K., Pintea, Lilian, Plumptre, Andrew J., Rundus, Aaron, Serckx, Adeline, Stewart, Fiona A., SunderlandGroves, Jacqueline, Tagg, Nikki, Todd, Angelique, Vosper, Ashley, Wenceslau, Jose F.C., Wessling, Erin G., Willie, Jacob, Kuhl, Hjalmar S. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Vegetationclimate feedbacks enhance spatial heterogeneity of PanAmazonian ecosystem states under climate change | 2021 | Wu, Minchao, Smith, Benjamin, Schurgers, Guy, Ahlstrom, Anders, Rummukainen, Markku | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Global trends of habitat destruction and consequences for parrot conservation | 2020 | VergaraTabares, David L., Cordier, Javier M., Landi, Marcos A., Olah, George, Nori, Javier | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| A global risk assessment of primates under climate and land use/cover scenarios | 2019 | Carvalho, Joana S., Graham, Bruce, Rebelo, Hugo, Bocksberger, Gaelle, Meyer, Christoph F. J., Wich, Serge, Kuhl, Hjalmar S. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Summer climate change in the Midwest and Great Plains due to agricultural development during the twentieth century | 2019 | Nikiel, Catherine A., Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |
| Enhanced peak growth of global vegetation and its key mechanisms | 2018 | Huang, Kun, Xia, Jianyang, Wang, Yingping, Ahlstrom, Anders, Chen, Jiquan, Cook, Robert B., Cui, Erqian, Fang, Yuanyuan, Fisher, Joshua B., Huntzinger, Deborah Nicole, Li, Zhao, Michalak, Anna M., Qiao, Yang, Schaefer, Kevin, Schwalm, Christopher, Wang, Jing, Wei, Yaxing, Xu, Xiaoni, Yan, Liming, Bian, Chenyu, Luo, Yiqi | Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Compounds, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Air Temperature, Precipitation Amount, Agricultural Lands, Land Use/Land Cover Classification, Leaf Characteristics, Soil Chemistry, Soil Classification, Nitrogen Oxides, Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes, Discharge, Soil Depth, Biomass, Soil Moisture/Water Content, Albedo, Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Carbon, Respiration Rate, Atmospheric Water Vapor, Runoff |
| Estimating waterfoodecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2. 6) | 2018 | Yamagata, Yoshiki, Hanasaki, Naota, Ito, Akihiko, Kinoshita, Tsuguki, Murakami, Daisuke, Zhou, Qian | Forest Yields, Land Resources, Land Use Classes |