 ISBN: 978-2-9570549-0-9e-ISBN: 978-2-9570549-1-6 Download (57.57 MB) |
Unicode from a Linguistic Point of View Yannis Haralambous  & Martin Dürst Download (3.67 MB)Abstract. In this paper we describe and comment, from a linguistic point of view, Unicode notions pertaining to writing. After comparing characters with graphemes, glyphs with graphs and basic shapes, character general categories with grapheme classes, and character strings with graphemic sequences, we discuss two issues: the phenomenon of ligatures that stand at the boundary between graphemics and graphetics, and the proposal for the introduction of “QID emojis” which may end up being a turning point in human communication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2018-graf-hara1 References References in BIB How to cite How to cite in BIB ABC News (2018). “Gun Emoji Replaced with Toy Water Pistol across All Major Platforms”. https://perma.cc/V8DQ-ANKN. André, Jacques and B. Borghi (1990). “Dynamic Fonts”. In: PostScript Language Journal 2.3, pp. 4–6. Anis, Jacques (1988). 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Warum das Graphem nicht drei Funktionen gleichzeitig haben kann, warum ein <a> kein <ɑ> ist und andere Konstruktionsfehler des etablierten Beschreibungsmodells. Ein Verbesserungsvorschlag”. PhD thesis. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich. Sawicki, Marcin et al. (2001). “Ruby Annotation”.https://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-ruby-20010531/. Schopp, Jürgen F. (2008). “In Gutenbergs FuSSstapfen: Translatio typographica. Zum Verhältnis von Typografie und Translation”. In: Meta 53, pp. 167–183. Servais, Christine and Véronique Servais (2009). “Le malentendu comme structure de la communication”. In: Questons de communication 15, pp. 21–49. Sproat, Richard (2000). A Computational Theory of Writing Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stewart, Maria (2016). “Michelle Obama Just Suggested a New Emoji to Empower Girls”. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/michelle-obama-always-emoji_n_56df3feee4b03a40567a78c3?guccounter=1. Stöckl, Harmut (2004). “Typographie: Gewand und Körper des Textes – Linguistische Überlegungen zu typographischer Gestaltung”. In: Zeitschrift für angewandte Linguistik 41, pp. 5–48. The Unicode Standard. Version 12.0—Core Specification (2019). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. Wmffre, Iwan (2008). Contemporary Studies in Descriptive Linguistics. Vol. 23: Breton Orthographies and Dialects: The Twentieth-Century Orthography War in Brittany. Bern: Peter Lang. @ARTICLE{schopp, AUTHOR = {Schopp, Jürgen F.}, TITLE = {{In Gutenbergs Fußstapfen: Translatio typographica. Zum Verhältnis von Typografie und Translation}}, JOURNAL = {Meta}, YEAR = {2008}, VOLUME = {53}, PAGES = {167--183}, } @BOOK{myers, AUTHOR = {Myers, James}, TITLE = {{The Grammar of Chinese Characters. 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Form und Materialität von Schrift}}, PUBLISHER = {Verlag Werner Hülsbusch}, ADDRESS = {Glückstadt}, YEAR = {2015}, } @ARTICLE{stoeckl, AUTHOR = {Stöckl, Harmut}, TITLE = {{Typographie: Gewand und Körper des Textes -- Linguistische Überlegungen zu typographischer Gestaltung}}, JOURNAL = {Zeitschrift für angewandte Linguistik}, YEAR = {2004}, VOLUME = {41}, PAGES = {5--48}, } @UNPUBLISHED{meletis18, AUTHOR = {Meletis, Dimitrios}, TITLE = {{(Re)Introducing Graphetics. 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Beiträge zu Sprache und Sprachwissenschaft, Computerlinguistik und Informations\-technologie für Jürgen Rolshoven aus Anlass seines sechsundsechzigsten Geburtstages}}, PUBLISHER = {Kölner UniversitätsPublikationsServer}, ADDRESS = {Köln}, YEAR = {2018}, PAGES = {269--285}, } @BOOK{breton, AUTHOR = {Wmffre, Iwan}, TITLE = {{Breton Orthographies and Dialects: The Twentieth-Century Orthography War in Brittany}}, MAINTITLE = {{Contemporary Studies in Descriptive Linguistics}}, PUBLISHER = {Peter Lang}, ADDRESS = {Bern}, YEAR = {2008}, VOLUME = {23}, } @PHDTHESIS{rezec, AUTHOR = {Rezec, Oliver}, TITLE = {{Zur Struktur des deutschen Schriftsystems. Warum das Graphem nicht drei Funktionen gleichzeitig haben kann, warum ein extup{\grapheme{a}} kein extup{\grapheme{^^^^0251}} ist und andere Konstruktionsfehler des etablierten Beschreibungsmodells. Ein Verbesserungsvorschlag}}, SCHOOL = {Ludwig-Maximilians-Uni\-ver\-si\-tät Munich}, YEAR = {2009}, } @BOOK{ipa, AUTHOR = {{IPA}}, TITLE = {{Handbook of the International Phonetic Association}}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {1999}, } @ARTICLE{grzybek, AUTHOR = {Grzybek, Peter and Rusko, Milan}, TITLE = {{Letter, Grapheme and (Allo-)Phone Frequencies: The Case of Slovak}}, JOURNAL = {Glottotheory}, YEAR = {2009}, VOLUME = {2}, PAGES = {30--48}, } @BOOK{guenther, AUTHOR = {Günther, Hartmut}, TITLE = {{Schriftliche Sprache: Strukturen geschriebener Wörter und ihre Verarbeitung}}, PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {Tübingen}, YEAR = {1988}, } @ARTICLE{yh95cg3, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{Tour du monde des ligatures}}, JOURNAL = {Cahiers GUTenberg}, YEAR = {1995}, VOLUME = {22}, PAGES = {69--70}, } @BOOK{yh07book, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{Fonts \& Encodings. From Advanced Typography to Unicode and Everything in Between}}, PUBLISHER = {O'Reilly}, ADDRESS = {Sebastopol, CA}, YEAR = {2007}, } @BOOK{wehde, AUTHOR = {Wehde, Susanne}, TITLE = {{Typographische Kultur}}, PUBLISHER = {Max Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {T{ü}bingen}, YEAR = {2000}, } @ARTICLE{yh94ep2, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{The Traditional Arabic Typecase Extended to the Unicode Set of Glyphs}}, JOURNAL = {Electronic Publishing---Origina\-tion, Dissemination, and Design}, YEAR = {1994}, VOLUME = {8}, NUMBER = {2/3}, PAGES = {125--138}, } @UNPUBLISHED{news, AUTHOR = {{ABC News}}, TITLE = {{Gun Emoji Replaced with Toy Water Pistol across All Major Platforms}}, YEAR = {2018}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://perma.cc/V8DQ-ANKN}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{dichy2019, AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph}, TITLE = {{On the Writing System of Arabic. The Semiographic Principle as Reflected in Nasḫī Letter Shapes}}, YEAR = {in this volume}, } @UNPUBLISHED{always, AUTHOR = {{Stewart, Maria}}, TITLE = {{Michelle Obama Just Suggested a New Emoji to Empower Girls}}, YEAR = {2016}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.huffpost.com/entry/michelle-obama-always-emoji\_n\_56df3feee4b03a40567a78c3?guccounter=1}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr14, AUTHOR = {Heninger, Andy}, TITLE = {{Unicode Standard Annex~14. Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm}}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr14/}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr20, AUTHOR = {Dürst, Martin and Freytag, Asmus}, TITLE = {{Unicode in XML and Other Markup Languages}}, YEAR = {2000}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-unicode-xml-20001215/}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr29, AUTHOR = {Davis, Mark}, TITLE = {{Unicode Standard Annex~29. Unicode Text Segmentation}}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr9, AUTHOR = {Davis, Mark}, TITLE = {{Unicode Standard Annex~9. Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm}}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/}}, } @ARTICLE{andre, AUTHOR = {Andr{é}, Jacques and Borghi, B.}, TITLE = {{Dynamic Fonts}}, JOURNAL = {PostScript Language Journal}, YEAR = {1990}, VOLUME = {2}, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {4--6}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{bayar, AUTHOR = {Bayar, Abdelouahad and Sami, Khalid}, EDITOR = {Al Ajeeli, Abid Thyab and Al-Bastaki, Yousif A. Latif}, TITLE = {{Towards a Dynamic Font Respecting the Arabic Calligraphy}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Handbook of Research on E-services in the Public Sector: E-government Strategies and Advancements}}, PUBLISHER = {IGI Global}, ADDRESS = {Hershey PA}, YEAR = {2010}, PAGES = {359--379}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{nehrlich, AUTHOR = {Nehrlich, Thomas}, EDITOR = {Giertier, Mareike and Köppel, Rea}, TITLE = {{Phänomenologie der Ligatur. Theorie und Praxis eines Schriftelements zwischen Letter und L{ü}cke}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Von Lettern und Lücken: zur Ordnung der Schrift im Bleisatz}}, PUBLISHER = {Wilhelm Fink}, ADDRESS = {Paderborn}, YEAR = {2012}, PAGES = {13--38}, } @BOOK{camdic, AUTHOR = {Brown, Keith and Miller, Jim}, TITLE = {{The Cambridge Dictionary of Linguistics}}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2013}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr35, AUTHOR = {Davis, Mark}, TITLE = {{Unicode Technical Standard~35. Unicode Locale Data Markup Language}}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{utr51, AUTHOR = {Davis, Mark}, TITLE = {{Unicode Technical Standard~51. Unicode Emoji}}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/}}, } @UNPUBLISHED{qid-emoji, AUTHOR = {Davis, Mark}, TITLE = {{QID Emoji} Proposal}, YEAR = {2019}, ADDENDUM = {\url{http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19082r-qid-emoji.pdf}}, } @ARTICLE{servais, AUTHOR = {Servais, Christine and Servais, V{é}ronique}, TITLE = {{Le malentendu comme structure de la communication}}, JOURNAL = {Questons de communication}, YEAR = {2009}, VOLUME = {15}, PAGES = {21--49}, } @BOOK{moungid, TITLE = {{Mounged de poche français-arabe}}, PUBLISHER = {Dar el-Machreq}, ADDRESS = {Beyrouth}, YEAR = {1991}, } @BOOK{chomsky-halle, AUTHOR = {Chomsky, Noam and Halle, M.}, TITLE = {{The Sound Pattern of English}}, PUBLISHER = {Harper \& Row}, ADDRESS = {New York}, YEAR = {1968}, } @BOOK{sproat, AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard}, TITLE = {{A Computational Theory of Writing Systems}}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2000}, } @ARTICLE{yh94ep1, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{Typesetting Khmer}}, JOURNAL = {Electronic Publishing---Origina\-tion, Dissemination, and Design}, YEAR = {1994}, VOLUME = {7}, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {197--215}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{yh13cicling2, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{New Perspectives in Sinographic Language Processing Through the Use of Character Structure}}, BOOKTITLE = {{CICLing 2013: 14th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, Samos}}, MAINTITLE = {{Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science}}, YEAR = {2013}, VOLUME = {7816}, PAGES = {201--217}, } @BOOK{lotman, AUTHOR = {Lotman, Jurij}, TITLE = {{The Structure of the Artistic Text}}, MAINTITLE = {{Michigan Slavic Contributions}}, PUBLISHER = {The University of Michigan}, ADDRESS = {Ann Arbor}, YEAR = {1977}, VOLUME = {7}, } @BOOK{unicode12, TITLE = {{The Unicode Standard. Version 12.0---Core Specification}}, PUBLISHER = {The Unicode Consortium}, ADDRESS = {Mountain View, CA}, YEAR = {2019}, } @ARTICLE{yh91tb1, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{Typesetting Old German: Fraktur, Schwa\-bacher, Gotisch and Initials}}, JOURNAL = {TUGboat}, YEAR = {1991}, VOLUME = {12}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {129--138}, } @BOOK{anis, AUTHOR = {Anis, Jacques}, TITLE = {{L'écriture, théorie et descriptions}}, PUBLISHER = {De Boeck}, ADDRESS = {Bruxelles}, YEAR = {1988}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{martinet, AUTHOR = {Martinet, Andr{é}}, TITLE = {{La double articulation du langage}}, BOOKTITLE = {{La linguistique synchronique}}, PUBLISHER = {PUF}, ADDRESS = {Paris}, YEAR = {1970}, PAGES = {7--41}, } Yannis Haralambous & Martin Dürst (2019), Unicode from a Linguistic Point of View, in Proceedings of Graphemics in the 21st Century, Brest 2018 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Brest: Fluxus Editions, 167–183 @INPROCEEDINGS{gla1-hara1, AUTHOR = {Haralambous, Yannis and Dürst, Martin}, EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {Unicode from a Linguistic Point of View}, BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Graphemics in the 21st Century, Brest 2018}}, PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions}, ADDRESS = {Brest}, YEAR = {2019}, PAGES = {167--183}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2018-graf-hara1}, } |