Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks (original) (raw)
References
Bargh, J. A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects.American Journal of Psychology,105, 181–200. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., &Banaji, M. R. (1986). Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,18, 299–303. Article Google Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1960).Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill. Book Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1992). How might emotions affect learning? In S. Christianson (Ed.),Handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory (pp. 3–32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Cahill, L., &McGaugh, J. L. (1995). A novel demonstration of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal.Consciousness & Cognition,4, 410–421. Article Google Scholar
Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Brewer, J., Gabrieli, J. D., &Cahill, L. (2000). Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional response [Abstract].Journal of Neuroscience,20, RC99. Google Scholar
Conway, M. A., Anderson, S. J., Larsen, S. F., Donnelly, C. M., McDaniel, M. A., McClelland, A. G. R., Rowles, R. E., &Logie, R. H. (1994). The formation of flashbulb memories.Memory & Cognition,22, 326–343. Article Google Scholar
Dalgleish, T., &Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression.Clinical Psychology Review,10, 589–604. Article Google Scholar
Halgren, E. (1992). Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.),The amygdala (pp. 191–228). New York: Wiley-Liss. Google Scholar
Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,5, 394–400. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Grafton, S. T., &Kilts, C. D. (1999). Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli.Nature Neuroscience,2, 289–293. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jay, T. B. (1992).Cursing in America. Philadelphia: Benjamins. Google Scholar
Jay, T. B. (2000).Why we curse: A neuro-psycho-social theory of speech. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar
LaBar, K. S., &Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans.Psychological Science,9, 490–493. Article Google Scholar
Larsen, S. F. (1992). Potential flashbulbs: Memories of ordinary news as the baseline. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.),Affect and accuracy in recall (pp. 32–64). New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G., Burke, D. M., &Stewart, R. (1998). H.M.’s language production deficits: Implications for relations between memory, semantic binding, and the hippocampal system.Journal of Memory & Language,38, 28–69. Article Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G., &James, L. E. (2001). The binding problem for syntax, semantics, and prosody: H.M.’s selective sentence-reading deficits under the theoretical-syndrome approach.Language & Cognitive Processes,16, 419–460. Article Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G., &James, L. E. (2003). Aging, retrograde amnesia, and the binding problem for phonology and orthography: A longitudinal study of “hippocampal amnesic” H.M.Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition,9, 298–333. Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G., Miller, M. D., &Schuster, S. P. (1994). Repetition blindness and aging: Evidence for a binding deficit involving a single theoretically-specified connection.Psychology & Aging,9, 251–258. Article Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G., Stewart, R., &Burke, D. M. (1998). H.M. revisited: Relations between language comprehension, memory, and the hippocampal system.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,10, 377–394. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M., &Hodder, S. L. (1998). On the difficulty in obtaining priming effects in the Stroop task.Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society,3, 37. Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1975).Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar
Mathews, A., &MacLeod, C. (1985). Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,95, 131–138. Article Google Scholar
Matthews, G., &Harley, T. A. (1996). Connectionist models of emotional distress and attentional bias.Cognition & Emotion,10, 561–600. Article Google Scholar
McKenna, F. P., &Sharma, D. (1995). Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,21, 1595–1607. Article Google Scholar
Murdock, B. B. (1974).Human memory: Theory and data. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Neisser, U., Winograd, E., Bergman, E. T., Schreiber, C. A., Palmer, S. E., &Weldon, M. S. (1996). Remembering the earthquake: Direct experience vs. hearing the news.Memory,4, 337–357. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nielson, S. L., &Sarason, I. G. (1981). Emotion, personality, and selective attention.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,41, 945–960. Article Google Scholar
Phelps, E. A., &LaBar, K. S. (1997). The role of organization in recall for affective words.Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society,2, 4–5. Google Scholar
Pratto, F., &John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attentiongrabbing power of negative social information.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,61, 380–391. Article Google Scholar
Reiman, B. C., &McNally, R. J. (1995). Cognitive processing of personally relevant information.Cognition & Emotion,9, 325–340. Article Google Scholar
Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W., Naparstek, J., &Williams, J. (1992). Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task.British Journal of Psychology,83, 479–491. PubMed Google Scholar
Richards, A., &Millwood, B. (1989). Colour-identification of differentially valenced words in anxiety.Cognition & Emotion,3, 171–176. Article Google Scholar
Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall.Journal of Experimental Psychology,89, 63–77. Article Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience.American Psychologist,54, 182–203. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shapiro, K. L., Caldwell, J., &Sorenson, R. E. (1997). Personal names and the attentional blink: A visual “cocktail party” effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,23, 504–514. Article Google Scholar
Sharma, D., &McKenna, F. P. (2001). The role of time pressure on the emotional Stroop task.British Journal of Psychology,92, 471–481. Article Google Scholar
Siegrist, M. (1995). Effects of taboo words on color-naming performance on a Stroop test.Perceptual & Motor Skills,81, 1119–1122. Google Scholar
Talarico, J. M., &Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories.Psychological Science,14, 455–461. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there?American Psychologist,40, 385–398. Article Google Scholar
van Selst, M., &Jolicoeur, P. (1994). A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,47A, 631–650. Google Scholar
Watts, F. N., McKenna, F. P., Sharrock, R., &Tresize, L. (1986). Processing of phobic stimuli.British Journal of Clinical Psychology,25, 253–261. PubMed Google Scholar
Wells, A., &Matthews, G. (1994).Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Whalen, P. J., Bush, G., McNally, R. J., Wilhelm, S., McInerney, S. C., Jenike, M. A., &Rausch, S. L. (1998). The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division.Biological Psychiatry,12, 1219–1228. Article Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., &MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology.Psychological Bulletin,120, 2–24. Article Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C., &Watts, F. N. (1988).Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. Google Scholar
Wright, C. I., Fischer, H., Whalen, P. J., McInerney, S. C., Shin, L. M., &Rausch, S. L. (2001). Differential prefrontal cortex and amygdala habituation to repeatedly presented emotional stimuli.Neuro-Report,12, 379–383. Google Scholar