Endocrinology and Metabolism (original) (raw)

Fig. 1. Typical anatomical locations of brown fat in human adults, the stimulator/activators of brown fat thermogenesis in human adults, and the characteristic hallmarks of brown (beige/brite) adipocyte biology. BAT, brown adipose tissue; NE, norepinephrine; TRPA1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1; TRPM8, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; DIO2, iodothyronine deiodinase 2; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; PET-CT, positron emission tomography/computed tomography; UCP1, uncoupling protein-1.

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of the mechanisms of the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) that has been shown in humans. NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; NA, noradrenaline; UCP1, uncoupling protein-1; TAG, triacylglycerol; IR, insulin receptor; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

Graphical abstract