Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (original) (raw)

Fig. 1. The cardiovascular disease continuum. ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. "Updated on 30 September 2021"

Fig. 2. Pathophysiology for heart failure development in diabetes. AGE, advanced glycation end product; RAGE, receptors for AGE; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Fig. 3. Diagnosis of heart failure. (A) Definition of heart failure types according to the ejection fraction. (B) Algorithm for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; H2FPEF, Heavy (a body mass index >30 kg/m2 , 2 points), Hypertension (use of ≥2 antihypertensive medications, 1 point), atrial Fibrillation (3 points), Pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >35 mm Hg, 1 point), Elderly (age >60 years, 1 point), and Filling pressures (E/e´ >9, 1 point); HFA-PEFF, Heart Failure Association—Pretest assessment, (ii) diagnostic workup with Echocardiogram and natriuretic peptide score, (iii) advanced workup with Functional testing in case of uncertainty, and (iv) Final etiological workup; BMI, body mass index; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide.

Fig. 4. Treatment algorithm for guideline-directed medical therapy. HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta-blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NYHY, New York Heart Association; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; HR, heart rate.

Graphical abstract