Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (original) (raw)

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants according to patterns of physical activity

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).

CKD, chronic kidney disease; MI, myocardial infarction; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase.

a

Low 20% and recipient of medical aid,

b

Stroke was defined by the presence of International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification (ICD-10-CM) codes I63 and I64 as well as a history of hospitalization with claims for brain magnetic resonance imaging or brain computed tomography,

c

MI was defined as hospitalization with the diagnostic codes of I21 and I22,

d

CVD included myocardial infarction and stroke,

e,f

Within 1 year before the index date,

g

Waist circumference: male ≥90 cm, female ≥85 cm,

h

Geometric mean.

Table 2. Risk for heart failure according to study participants’ physical activity profile during follow-up

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: Adjusted model 1+current smoking, alcohol, and income; Model 3: Adjusted model 2+body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI); Model 4: Adjusted model 2+waist circumference, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CKD, stroke, MI, and fasting blood glucose.

CHF, congestive heart failure; IR, incidence rate; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

a

Regular exercise was defined as performing at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity at least five times per week or at least 20 minutes of strenuous physical activity at least three times per week. Each participant was asked to report their weekly physical activity levels according to three categories: vigorous, moderate, and walking,

b

Vigorous intensity was defined as at least 20 minutes of exercise per day (e.g., running, aerobic, or fast cycling at least three times per week),

c

Moderate intensity was defined as at least 30 minutes of exercise per day (e.g., brisk walking, bicycling at a usual speed, or gardening at least five times per week),

d

Walking was defined as usual-pace walking for at least 10 minutes at a time.

Table 3. Subgroup analysis of study participants

Adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, alcohol, income, waist circumference, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CKD, stroke, myocardial infarction, and fasting blood glucose.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

a

The body mass index cutoff of 25 kg/m2 was used to define obesity in the Korean population in this study,

b

Weight change was calculated for each subject as the difference in weight between the follow-up health examination and baseline examination and divided into three categories: stable, gain or loss of less than 5% of body weight at baseline; gain, gain of 5% or more of body weight at baseline; loss, loss of 5% or more of body weight at baseline.