Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (original) (raw)

Table 1. Participant characteristics according to sex-specific quartiles of dietary energy contribution of ultra-processed food (n=6,894)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

UPF, ultra-processed food; TE, total energy intake; BMI, body mass index; SFA, saturated fatty acid; KHEI, Korean Healthy Eating Index.

a

The sex-specific cutoffs of UPF consumption (% TE) were 13.9%, 21.2%, and 28.4% in male and 9.0%, 14.5%, and 21.2% in female,

b

P values for chi-square test or analysis of variance,

c

Defined as their parents and/or siblings’ diagnosis with or death from hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, or diabetes,

d

Defined as a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2,

e

Defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for male and ≥85 cm for female, respectively.

Table 2. Associations between dietary energy contribution of ultra-processed food and obesity (n=6,894)

Values are presented as β or OR (95% confidence interval). Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, and research center; Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 plus economic status, marital status, smoking, drinking, sitting time, family history of diseases; Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 plus total energy intake; Model 4: adjusted for Model 3 plus Korean Healthy Eating Index.

UPF, ultra-processed food; TE, total energy intake; OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.

a

The sex-specific cutoffs of UPF consumption (% TE) were 13.9%, 21.2%, and 28.4% in male and 9.0%, 14.5%, and 21.2% for female,

b

P for the linear trends by quartiles of sex-specific quartiles of UPF consumption (% TE),

c

Odds ratio for a 10 % increase in UPF consumption (% TE),

d

Defined as a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2,

e

Defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for male and ≥85 cm for female, respectively.

Table 3. Associations between dietary energy contribution of ultra-processed food and obesity, stratified by sex, age, and overall diet quality (n=6,894)

Values are presented as β or OR (95% confidence interval). All analyses adjusted for sex (not in sex-stratified analyses), age, research center, economic status, marital status, smoking, drinking, sitting time, family history of diseases.

SD, standard deviation; UPF, ultra-processed food; TE, total energy intake; OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.

a

The sex-specific cutoffs of UPF consumption (% TE) were 13.9%, 21.2%, and 28.4% in male and 9.0%, 14.5%, and 21.2% for female,

b

P for the linear trends by quartiles of sex-specific quartiles of UPF consumption (% TE),

c

Odds ratio for a 10 % increase in UPF consumption (% TE),

d

Defined as a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2,

e

Defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for male and ≥85 cm for female, respectively,

f

Using the median point of Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) of the study participants, <74.3 KHEI was defined as low diet quality and ≥74.3 KHEI as high diet quality.